Why Some Foreigners Find It Hard to Understand Philippine Mythology

 

Why Some Foreigners Find It Hard to Understand Philippine Mythology

1. It’s Not Linear or “Standardized”
   In many Western cultures, myths tend to follow a clear pattern beginning, middle, end. Stories are often written down in fixed forms.
   But in Philippine mythology, the same creature or tale can change from one region to another. The Aswang can be a vampire, a witch, or a shapeshifter depending on who tells the story. That can feel confusing or inconsistent to outsiders who expect one “official” version.

2. It’s Deeply Tied to Culture and Language ( Aral aral din mag Tagalog o Filipino pag may time)
   These myths are told in Filipino or local dialects and other languages in the Philippines (Bisayan,Bikolano ect), and the meanings are often linked to cultural beliefs, values, or superstitions that aren't easily translated. Foreigners may miss important context, symbolism, or the emotions behind the stories.

3. Each Ethnolinguistic Group Has Its Own Mythology

   The Philippines is made up of over 7,000 islands and more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups, each with its own language, customs, and belief systems. Some myths overlap or intertwine, but many are unique to their language and culture.

   This makes Philippine mythology diverse but complex, especially for outsiders trying to understand it as a single system.

4. It’s Oral and Flexible
   Philippine mythology wasn’t meant to be “fixed” in books. It lives through storytelling that changes over time and adapts to each storyteller. For people used to rigid systems, this feels unfamiliar even chaotic.

5. Myth and Reality Often Overlap
   In the Philippines, mythology blends with everyday lifesome people still believe in these creatures or rituals. To outsiders, it might seem strange or too “superstitious,” especially if they don't understand the spiritual or emotional importance of the stories.

Why Some Foreigners Get Frustrated or Even Aggressive toward Filipino Storytellers

1. Cultural Misunderstanding
   When someone doesn’t fully understand a culture, they may feel confused or overwhelmed. Instead of asking questions respectfully, some foreigners react with frustration or mockery. They may try to challenge or argue with Filipino storytellers rather than learning from them.

2. Expecting “One Right Version”
   Many foreigners are used to mythologies being written down and standardized like Greek or Norse myths. So when they hear different versions of a Filipino legend, they may accuse the storyteller of being “wrong.” They don’t realize that oral tradition thrives on variation. In Philippine mythology, many versions can be true.

3. Clout-Chasing and Division
   Sadly, some foreigners try to insert themselves into Filipino mythology discussions just to get attention. They clout-chase by acting like experts or stirring controversy, often without deep understanding or respect for the culture. Some even go as far as pitting Filipinos against each other debating whose version is “correct,” criticizing local creators, or spreading drama to get more clicks, followers, or views.
   This behavior is not only absurd. it’s harmful. It turns a beautiful, shared heritage into a popularity contest.

4. Colonial Mindset and Ego
   There are still people who carry colonial attitudes, treating Filipino stories as “less valid” just because they’re not Western. When Filipinos speak with confidence about their culture, these individuals may feel threatened. Instead of being humble and curious, they try to dominate the conversation or discredit the storytellers.

5. Bias and Colonial Mindset (Again yes ulit ulit nalang)
   Sadly, some people still carry a mindset that non-Western cultures are “less serious” or “less real.” They may look down on local beliefs or storytellers as “uneducated” or “making things up,” which is both unfair and disrespectful.

Dear Foreigners Who Wanna Learn Philippine Mythology

Philippine Mythology Is Not Netflix Season 1.

There’s no “official” storyline. No cinematic universe where everyone agrees. One town says the Manananggal flies at night. Another says she sells kakanin during fiestas. Both are correct. Don’t look for consistency, embrace the chaos. It’s part of the charm.

Don’t Bring That Western Fixed-Mindset Here.
This isn’t Greek or Norse mythology with one version and a cast list. Ours is alive, constantly changing, and told differently across our 7,641 islands. It’s not broken, it’s beautifully flexible. No need to fix it, just feel it.

 Learn a Bit of the Language Or Three. (hindi yung kami pa ung mag a adjust)

Want to go deeper? Learn some Tagalog, Bisaya, Ilocano, or any of our many local languages. Mythology isn’t just in the story, it’s in the words, the accents, the flavor. You don’t need to be fluent, just willing. Locals will appreciate the effort more than perfect grammar.

Don’t Stalk or Harass Storytellers Online.

This should be obvious butt some folks need the reminder. Disagreeing is fine, but attacking, doxxing, or bullying creators? Big no-no. You’re not “correcting history,” you’re just being creepy. Respect the people keeping these stories alive.

Clout Is Not a Personality.
Please don’t use Filipino myths to farm views, start drama, or pit Filipinos against each other. These stories are meant to unite, not divide. If your content is causing more fights than fascination, it might be time to step back and rethink the approach.

Mythology Is for Everyone but It Starts With Respect.
Philippine mythology welcomes all curious hearts. It’s a bridge between generations, islands, and even countries. But like any culture, it asks you to come with humility, respect, and a willingness to listen. The goal isn’t to own it, but to learn from it and maybe fall in love along the way.

Reminder

Avoiding Foreign Manipulation: Weaponizing myths and stories and using them as an excuse to attack, harass and even stalk storytellers or communities risks distorting their purpose. Myths are meant to unify, educate, or entertain, not to create division or hostility among Filipinos.

Filipino mythology belongs to everyone - Filipinos, Filipinix, and even foreigners. These stories are meant to unite, inspire hope, and empower. They are for all, ever-evolving yet forever a cultural treasure.

Both oral and written mythology in the Philippines are valid because they serve different but equally important roles in preserving Filipino heritage. What is truly harmful is when foreigners manipulate these discussions for personal gain, attempting to invalidate one aspect of Filipino mythology to cause division. Instead of falling for such tactics, Filipinos should embrace the richness and diversity of their own stories, ensuring that both oral and written traditions continue to thrive.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos, and retold by Filipinos.

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos, and retold by Filipinos.

REMINDER

Mga kwentong Pilipino at pagkukwento ay para sa lahat...

Philippine Mythology is for everyone—Filipinos, Filipinxs, and even foreigners! These stories are meant to be shared, enjoyed, and passed down through generations. They’re not set in stone and can have many different versions You don’t have to be an expert to enjoy them. These stories evolve with time, and everyone is welcome to listen, share, and get lost in their world. Mythology connects us all, no matter where we come from!

the numerous versions of stories and myths in the Philippines

 The numerous versions of myths and legends in the Philippines arise from the country's rich cultural diversity, its oral tradition, geographic fragmentation, and its long history of colonization and cultural exchange. Each community, shaped by its own experiences, environment, and beliefs, adapts these stories to make them their own, resulting in a vibrant tapestry of myths that vary across regions, generations, and contexts. This dynamic storytelling tradition ensures that Philippine mythology remains a living and evolving part of Filipino heritage

Bangis at Lakas ng Gabunan at Bangkilan

 

Gabunan at Bangkilan

Bangis at Lakas ng Bangkilan at Gabunan

Sa makabagong mitolohiya ng Pilipinas, dalawa sa pinakamakapangyarihang nilalang ay ang Gabunan at ang Bangkilan, parehong natatanging uri ng mitolohikal na Aswang. Ang kanilang mga kwento ay nagpapakita ng mga tema ng lakas, pandaraya, at tunggalian, kadalasang inilalarawan bilang mabagsik at nakakatakot na mga nilalang.

Ang mga kwento at mitolohiyang pasalita sa Pilipinas ay nagbabago sa paglipas ng panahon habang ipinapasa sa bawat henerasyon. Ang mga kwento tulad ng sa Gabunan at Bangkilan ay patuloy na ikinukwento at inuulit ng mga Pilipino, kaya't nagkakaroon ng iba't ibang bersyon sa iba't ibang rehiyon at komunidad. Bawat tagapagkuwento ay nagdaragdag ng sariling detalye, binabago ang mga alamat upang masalamin ang paniniwala at imahinasyon ng kanilang panahon. Dahil dito, walang iisang bersyon ng mga kwento, kundi mayaman na mga pagkakaiba-iba na patuloy na lumalago at nagbabago, na siyang nagpapanatiling buhay at masigla ang folklore ng Pilipinas.

Gabunan: Ang Pinakamalakas na Aswang

Gabunan

Ang Gabunan ay isa sa pinakakinatatakutang uri ng aswang, kilala sa pambihirang pisikal na lakas nito. Madalas silang inilalarawan sa anyong Aswang bilang mga maskuladong lalaki (o babae) na may itim na balat at puting buhok, isang nakakatakot na puwersa sa mga kwento. Sa ilang bersyon ng mito, inihahambing sila sa mga werewolf mula sa kanlurang mitolohiya, na nagdadagdag ng elemento ng transformasyon at pagiging mabangis. Di tulad ng ibang aswang, ang Gabunan ay nananatili ang lakas kahit sa araw, kaya’t sila’y delikado sa lahat ng oras. Ang salitang "Gabunan" ay may dalawang kilalang kahulugan. Una, tumutukoy ito sa isang partikular at napakalakas na uri ng Aswang na mas makapangyarihan kaysa sa karaniwang Aswang. Pangalawa, ito ay isang antas ng pangingibabaw sa lipunan ng mga Aswang, na nangangahulugang siya ang "alpha" o pinakamalakas sa kanilang lahi—isang titulo na iginagawad lamang sa pinakamalakas. Sa mga pangkat ng Aswang, ang nilalang na nangingibabaw, namumuno, at sinusundan ng iba ay tinatawag na Gabunan.

Mga Gabunan

Ang Gabunan ay kakaiba sa ibang aswang dahil kaya nilang manghuli ng kapwa aswang. Madalas silang inilalarawan bilang mga predator ng kanilang sariling uri, hinuhuli at kinakain ang ibang uri ng aswang, lalo na ang Bangkilan, ang kanilang likas na kalaban. Ang tunggalian ng Gabunan at Bangkilan ay sentral na tema sa maraming kwento, na sumasalamin sa labanan ng malalakas na puwersa—lakas ng lalaki laban sa mapanlinlang na kagandahan ng babae.

Bangkilan: Ang Maganda Mapanganib at Mapandayang Aswang

Bangkilan

Ang Bangkilan, na madalas inilalarawan bilang pinakamagandang uri ng Aswang, ay natatangi dahil sa kanyang kakayahang lumikha ng mas mahihinang uri ng aswang. Hindi tulad ng tipikal na aswang na may isang itim na bato, ang Bangkilan ay may maraming itim na perlas at mga sisiw sa loob ng kanyang katawan, na ginagamit niya upang lumikha ng mga bagong aswang gaya ng Kiwig, Tiktik, Awok, Abwak, at iba pa. Ang kakayahang ito ang nagbibigay sa kanya ng malaking kalamangan sa ibang aswang, na halos walang kamatayan, dahil kaya niyang ipasa ang kanyang madilim na kapangyarihan nang hindi namamatay.

Bangkilan

Sa umaga, ang Bangkilan ay nag-aanyong isang napakagandang babae, ngunit pagsapit ng gabi, kaya niyang magbago ng anyo sa iba’t ibang nakakatakot na nilalang, gaya ng malaking baboy-damo na may matutulis na pangil, itim na aso, o iba pang nakakatakot na hayop. Sa kanyang tunay na anyo, siya ay maganda ngunit mapanganib, Aswang na may maliliit na pakpak ng paniki at malalaking matatalas na kuko. Ang pagsasama ng kagandahan at panganib na ito ang nagbibigay sa kanya ng kalamangan sa paghahanap ng biktima.

Bangkilan

Ang kanyang mapanlinlang at mabangis na mga katangian ng magandang Bangkilan ay isang mabagsik na kalaban. Madalas  inilalarawan sa mga kwento bilang gumagamit ng kanyang kagandahan upang akitin ang walang kaalam-alam na mga lalaki bago ilantad ang kanyang mala-halimaw na anyo. Ang Bangkilan ay mas versatile kaysa sa ibang aswang, kaya niyang magbago sa iba't ibang anyo ng mga nilalang ng gabi, na nagpapalakas sa kanyang kapangyarihan at panganib. May mga alagad pang Awok ang ibang Bangkilan.

Ang Walang Hanggang Tunggalian: Gabunan vs. Bangkilan

Gabunan at Bangkilan mortal na Magkatungali

Ang labanan ng Gabunan at Bangkilan ay madalas na sentral na bahagi ng mitolohiyang Aswang. Bagama't pareho silang Aswang, kinakatawan nila ang magkaibang katangian. Ang Gabunan, sa kanyang lakas at pagiging mabangis, ay kumakatawan sa archetype ng Bangis ng lalaki, habang ang Bangkilan, sa kanyang mapanlinlang na kagandahan at kakayahang magpalit ng anyo, ay kumakatawan sa feminine aspect ng pagkawasak at pang-akit. Sa maraming kwento, ang dalawang nilalang na ito ay nakagapos sa walang hanggang tunggalian, na walang malinaw na nananalo, na binibigyang-diin ang tensyon sa pagitan ng lakas at talino, kagandahan at kalupitan.

Gabunan kontra Bangkilan

Ang Gabunan at Bangkilan ay ilan sa mga pinaka-kahanga-hanga at kapanapanabik na nilalang sa kontemporaryong mitolohiyang Pilipino. Ang kanilang mga kwento ay sumasalamin sa malalalim na tema ng kapangyarihan, panganib, at pagbabago. Sa pamamagitan ng hilaw at mabangis na lakas ng Gabunan o ng mapanganib na kagandahan at pandaraya ng Bangkilan, ang mga nilalang na ito ay patuloy na gumigising ng takot at imahinasyon, at kumakatawan sa pinakahigpit na teror ng Aswang.

Paalala:
Ang mitolohiyang pasalita ng Pilipinas ay patuloy na binabahagi at nauunawaan, isang buhay na tradisyong pasalita na nagbabago sa paglipas ng panahon. Iba ito sa mga standardized mythologies ng Kanluran at Europa. Dahil walang iisang pamahalaang Pilipino na nagtakda ng mga pamantayan sa mga kwento, ang bawat rehiyon o komunidad ay may sariling bersyon ng mga alamat.

Ang mga kwentong pasalita ay dumadaan sa mga pagbabago, kaya’t nagkakaroon ng iba't ibang bersyon ng mga ito. Maraming iba't ibang bersyon ng mga kwento ang ikinukwento at muling inuulit ng mga Pilipino.

Bangkilan the Beautiful Aswang

 

Bangkilan

The Bangkilan  prominent  in contemporary Philippine mythology, often portrayed as the most beautiful yet dangerous variant of the Aswang. The female Bangkilan stands out among other Aswangs not just because of their stunning appearance, but because of her unique ability to create and spread the Aswang race

As one of the most captivating and feared Aswangs, they have maintained their presence in Oral folklore across generations. In older tales, the Bangkilan was revered for her deceptive beauty and deadly nature, symbolizing the duality of allure and danger. Even as stories evolved through time, she has remained a prominent character, adapting to modern interpretations while preserving her core traits.

In both traditional and contemporary retellings, the Bangkilan stands out for their  ability to create new Aswangs. Unlike many of her kind, who simply prey on humans, the Bangkilan spreads the Aswang curse, turning her victims into lesser Aswangs like the Kiwig, Tiktik, and Awok. This ability to multiply her kind has made the Bangkilan a high figure in Aswang lore, with many stories depicting female Bangkilan as the creator and ruler of a vast network of monstrous beings.

The Bangkilan's  popularity endures today in modern storytelling, literature, and media. As a timeless symbol of feminine power, beauty, and deception, the Bangkilan continues to haunt the imaginations of audiences, both old and new. a powerful Aswang beauty, an enduring icon in Philippine mythology.

Bangkilan

Bangkilan

The Beauty of the Bangkilan

The Bangkilan a female variant of Aswang is renowned for their  exceptional beauty during the day, appearing as a stunning woman with irresistible charm. Her beauty is her greatest weapon, as it allows her to blend into human society and lure unsuspecting victims. Men, in particular, are drawn to her, unaware of the dark, monstrous force she becomes when night falls. Shape shifting into many forms usually a huge black boar, huge dog or big bird and other creatures of the night 

At night, the Bangkilan reveals her true nature. She has the power to transform into a fearsome creature with large claws, sharp fangs, and small bat-like wings. This duality—beautiful by day, monstrous by night—makes her a particularly dangerous type of Aswang, as she preys on both the vulnerability and curiosity of humans.

Bangkilan

Creator of Lesser Aswangs

What makes the Bangkilan truly unique in Aswang mythology is their ability to create new Aswangs. Unlike other Aswangs, who typically possess only one black stone or "sisiw or mutya" the Bangkilan holds multiple black pearls and eggs inside her body. These pearls serve as symbols of her power and are essential in her creation of lesser Aswangs. When she wishes to spread her dark lineage, she can transfer these black pearls into humans, transforming them into new Aswangs. Through this dark ritual, she creates different types of Aswang, such as the Kiwig, Tiktik, Awok, Abwak, Asbo, and many more.

The Bangkilan doesn’t just kill her victims; she turns them into creatures like herself. This ability to multiply her kind without dying makes her nearly immortal and places her at the top of the Aswang hierarchy. As the mother of many different types of Aswang, she controls an entire network of creatures under her influence.

Bangkilan

Turning Humans into Aswangs

One of the most feared aspects of the Bangkilan is their ability to turn humans into Aswangs. Through the dark magic of her black pearls, she can infect a human with her curse. This process through kissing transferring her black pearls (stones, chicks) to a human, through this terrifying process —the victim begins to crave raw flesh, particularly that of humans, and over time, their body transforms. They gain the ability to shape-shift, develop heightened senses, and may even sprout wings, fangs, or claws depending on the type of Aswang they become. These newly created Aswangs are then bound to the Bangkilan, serving her in the spread of her dark legacy.

Bangkilan

Popularity in Contemporary Mythology

In contemporary Philippine folklore, the Bangkilan has gained a notorious reputation. She embodies themes of deception, beauty, and power. Unlike the brute strength of other Aswangs like the Gabunan, who rely on raw force, the Bangkilan uses wit and charm, relying on manipulation to expand her influence. Her story has become popular in modern media, literature, and oral traditions because of the powerful themes of transformation, seduction, and the eternal struggle between beauty and terror.

In many retellings, the Bangkilan is depicted as a high ranking  among the Aswangs. Her ability to create and control a vast network of creatures makes her one of the most feared beings in contemporary folklore. While other Aswangs may hunt for survival, the Bangkilan hunts to expand her dark networks, turning humans into her minions and spreading fear across towns and villages.

The Male counterparts of the Female Bangkilan

These male Aswangs, while less frequently mentioned than the female Bangkilan, are no less significant in the lore of the Aswang, with unique traits and characteristics that set them apart.

1. Male Bangkilan

The Male Bangkilan shares many of the same traits as the female, particularly their ability to blend into human society with their strikingly good looks and charm. Like the female Bangkilan, they can shapeshift into various monstrous forms, though their transformations often involve becoming large and terrifying creatures, such as boars, large dogs, or nightmarish birds. These male Bangkilan possess a dark allure that draws in their victims, much like the female, but they also retain their monstrous tendencies, preying on humans and spreading fear.

Unlike the female Bangkilan, who is known for her ability to create new Aswangs, the male version focuses more on raw physical power and strategic cunning. He plays a dominant role within the Aswang hierarchy, often partnering with female Bangkilans to spread their dark influence and continue their lineage.

2. Motog

The Motog is a male Aswang that represents a more monstrous form of the male Bangkilan. Motogs are often described as humanoid creatures with the head of a wild boar (baboy damo) and a muscular human-like body. Their transformations are more bestial, and their appearance is meant to strike fear into the hearts of their enemies and prey.

Motogs are typically depicted as having consumed human blood and flesh, unlike some male Bangkilans who may not have fully embraced their monstrous side. Once they cross this threshold, they become far more dangerous, abandoning any semblance of human appearance in favor of their grotesque boar-headed form. These beings are feared not only for their strength but also for their savage, unrelenting nature.

3. Harimodon

The Harimodon is another male counterpart to the Bangkilan, though he represents a distinct evolution in the Aswang lineage. Harimodons are Aswangs that primarily shapeshift into wild boars. Unlike the Motog, which maintains some human features, the Harimodon fully embraces its boar-like appearance, moving swiftly and stealthily through forests and rural areas.

What sets the Harimodon apart is its saliva, which is highly potent and capable of transforming any human it comes into contact with into an Aswang. This unique ability makes the Harimodon an efficient spreader of the Aswang curse, much like the female Bangkilan. As they roam the countryside, Harimodons are feared for their ability to infect entire villages with their dark magic.

4. Awok

The Awok is a type of aswang,  servants of the Bangkilan that hungers for human flesh and organs. It is known for its skill in transforming into a large black pig or boar, allowing it to quietly move through forests and rural areas. In this form, it hunts animals and, sometimes, humans. Though Awoks usually live in isolated areas and mostly hunt animals, they will attack humans if the opportunity arises, especially at night when they are strongest.

The Bangkilan’s Rivalry with the Gabunan

In many tales, the Bangkilan is locked in a deadly rivalry with another powerful Aswang, the Gabunan. While the Gabunan represents brute strength and savagery, the Bangkilan uses her cunning and shapeshifting abilities to outsmart him. The Gabunan, a predator of other Aswangs, seeks to consume the black pearls inside the Bangkilan, while she uses her beauty and manipulation to evade or defeat him. Their eternal struggle is a central theme in modern Aswang stories, reflecting the contrast between strength and cunning, brutality and allure.

Gabunan and the Bangkilan

Symbol of Feminine Power and Deception

At the heart of the Bangkilan’s mythos is the idea of feminine power and deception. She symbolizes the duality of beauty and destruction, embodying the fear of something seemingly perfect on the outside but deadly within. Her ability to transform both herself and others reflects her power to disrupt the natural order, turning humans into monsters and spreading chaos wherever she goes.

the Bangkilan remains one of the most captivating figures in contemporary Philippine mythology. Her beauty, dark power, and ability to create new Aswangs ensure that her legend continues to evolve, keeping her as a central figure in the rich and dynamic lore of the Aswang. Through her and the other Bangkilan, the Aswang race grows, and the fear she instills in both the mythical and real world ensures that her story will be told and retold for generations to come.

Reminder

Avoiding Foreign Manipulation: Weaponizing myths and stories and using them as an excuse to attack, harass and even stalk storytellers or communities risks distorting their purpose. Myths are meant to unify, educate, or entertain, not to create division or hostility among Filipinos.

Filipino mythology belongs to everyone—Filipinos, Filipinix, and even foreigners. These stories are meant to unite, inspire hope, and empower. They are for all, ever-evolving yet forever a cultural treasure.

REMINDER

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos, and retold by Filipinos.

Kaliwa and Kanan in Filipino oral mythology

 

In Philippine mythology, the terms Kaliwa and Kanan are often used as euphemisms to describe the moral alignment of mythical creatures and practitioners of magic. These terms categorize beings and magic users into two broad groups: Kaliwa, sometimes called Itim representing those associated with evil or harmful magic, and Kanan, sometimes called Puti referring to those who embody goodness and benevolence. This duality highlights the ongoing struggle between good and evil forces in Filipino folklore, a tradition still alive and vibrant today.

The Kaliwa: Evil Beings and Dark Magic Users

The term Kaliwa, in mythology meaning "left," is used to refer to malevolent beings and practitioners of dark magic. It encompasses a wide variety of fearsome creatures, spirits, and sorcerers whose powers are often employed to harm or deceive humans. Some of the most infamous beings in the Kaliwa group include:

1. Aswang:

Aswang

The Aswang is the most feared creature in Philippine folklore. It is a term used for various supernatural beings known for their malicious intent, shape-shifting abilities, and predatory nature. They often prey on the vulnerable, such as pregnant women and children. Variants of Aswang include:

• Manananggal: A winged creature that can sever its upper body to fly in search of human prey, particularly pregnant women.
• Tiktik: A bird-like creature that assists the Aswang in locating its victims by producing eerie sounds.
• Sigbin: A creature that resembles a cross between a dog and a goat, said to walk backward and feed on the blood of its victims.
• Gabunan
• Bangkilan
• Bonggo
• Wak-wak
• Ekek
• Bal-Bal
• Ebwa
• Abwak
• Asbo
• Awok
• Wak-wak
• Uwak-uwak
• Kiwig
• Mangalo
• Yawa
• Iwig
• Kiwig

Bangkilan

Gabunan

2. Dalaketnon:

Dalaketnon

Dalaketnon

The Dalaketnon are coined as evil Engkantos (enchanted beings) who inhabit large trees, especially balete or dalakit trees. They are often depicted as handsome beautiful yet dangerous creatures who use their charm to deceive and abduct humans, dragging them into their mystical world where time passes differently. Humans taken by Dalaketnon are often enslaved or never seen again.

3. Manbabarang:

A Manbabarang is a sorcerer who practices a form of dark magic involving the use of insects or other creatures to bring sickness and death to their enemies. They use malevolent spirits and hexes to possess or curse their victims, causing immense suffering.

4. Manlalason:

The Manlalason specializes in poison magic. They use toxic substances and enchantments to harm or kill others. Their methods involve slow-acting poisons that bring about sickness, suffering, and death.

5. Mangkukulam:

A Mangkukulam is a witch or sorcerer skilled in casting curses and hexes. They are feared for their ability to cause illness or misfortune through ritualistic practices, using wax dolls or incantations to harm their victims.

6. Mansisilat:

The Mansisilat is a master of deception and illusions. They use their magic to manipulate the minds of their targets, creating confusion, fear, and destruction. They are known to use their powers to tear apart relationships, families, and communities.

These beings and practitioners of dark magic often strike fear into the hearts of the people, with many stories serving as warnings to avoid disrespecting nature, disobeying elders, or wandering alone at night.

7. Tamawo:

Tamawo

The Tamawo are a race of  albino-like enchanted beings in Philippine mythology, often linked to the darker side of the supernatural. They are said to have fair or pale skin the Tamawo are often depicted as dangerous and deceptive, using their allure to lure humans, especially those who are greedy or disrespectful towards nature, into their domain. They are notorious for abducting humans, particularly women and children, taking them into their otherworldly homes, where time flows differently. In some stories, those who are taken by the Tamawo rarely return, and if they do, they are forever changed

8. Pangantohan (Dark Soothsayers):

The Pangantohan are a form of soothsayers or fortune tellers in Philippine mythology, but unlike benign seers, they are often associated with the Kaliwa, as they use their powers for selfish or harmful purposes. These practitioners have the ability to foresee the future, manipulate destiny, or divine hidden knowledge, but they are feared because their insights frequently lead to misfortune, curses, or other ill events.

Often sought by those who want to harm others or gain an unfair advantage, the Pangantohan are masters of dark omens, foretelling disaster or death and offering ways to cause or avoid such fates—for a price.

9. Engkantong Itim: 

Dark skinned, dark souled Engkanto who cause harm and misfortune sometimes called Ituman or Engkanto Negro 

Itim na Engkanto - Mga engkanto na nagpapakita bilang mga anino o mga itim na nilalang. Mga maligno na mapanakit at mapaminsala. Sila ay tinatawag na Engkanto Negro o mga itim na elemento. Nagpapkita sa mga tao at nanahan Ang mga engkantong itim sa malalaking bahay. Mapanakit at nakakatakot. Ang mga itim na Espiritu ay minsan sumasapi sa mga taong kanilang napupusuan. Ang mga tunay nilang katawan ay nasa Mundo ng mga engkanto tanging mga anino lamang nila ang nanahan sa mundo ng mga tao.

The Kanan: Benevolent Beings and Healers

In contrast, the Kanan, meaning "right," refers to benevolent creatures and practitioners of good magic. They embody the protective, healing, and nurturing aspects of Filipino mythology. These beings are often invoked for blessings, protection, and healing, standing as defenders of the people against the forces of darkness.

Diwata surrounded by Lambana

Diwata and Lambana

1. Diwata:

Diwata

Diwata

The Diwata are powerful nature spirits, god and goddesses. They are often likened to dryads or high fairies, governing forests, rivers, and mountains. Diwata can be both kind and wrathful, depending on how humans treat their domain. They protect the natural world and are known for their wisdom, beauty, and magical abilities. They often aid those who show respect for the environment and seek their blessings.

• Lambana: A smaller variant of the Diwata, the Lambana are small fairies that serve as protectors of nature. They are often seen flitting around flowers and trees, granting good fortune and blessings to those they favor.

Lambana

2. Mangagamot:

The Mangagamot is a traditional healer who uses a combination of herbs, prayers, and rituals to heal ailments. Their knowledge of medicinal plants and spiritual healing practices makes them invaluable members of their communities. Unlike their dark counterparts, the Mangagamot's powers are used for the well-being of others, curing illnesses and expelling evil spirits.

3. Albularyo:

The Albularyo is another form of folk healer who blends herbal medicine and magic. They are often the first people approached for healing ailments, spiritual cleansing, or protection from evil spirits. Albularyos are highly respected in Filipino communities for their ability to treat physical and supernatural afflictions.

4. Manunugis:

The Manunugis is a hunter of evil spirits and dark creatures. They specialize in tracking down Aswangs, malevolent Engkantos, and other Kaliwa beings. Using special incantations, blessed weapons, and protective talismans, the Manunugis protect their communities from harm by banishing or destroying the evil forces they encounter.

5. Mahomanay:

Mahomanay

The Mahomanay are nature spirits portrayed as good Engkanto known for their elf-like appearance and their deep connection to the natural world. These male spirits have pale skin and long black hair, and they are often seen wearing simple, flowing garments that blend seamlessly with the forests and natural environments they protect. Like the Diwata, the Mahomanay are guardians of nature, particularly concerned with the well-being of animals and the preservation of forests.

Mahomanay

The Mahomanay are believed to be kind-hearted and benevolent, often coming to the aid of animals in distress or protecting ecosystems from harm caused by humans. They are revered as keepers of balance in nature, and those who show respect for the environment might be blessed with their favor. However, those who destroy nature or harm animals may find themselves on the wrong side of the Mahomanay’s protective powers.

6. Tahamaling 

Tahamaling

The Tahamaling are female Engkanto known for their fierceness and striking  red complexion. Guardian of forest and its animals. The Tahamaling is the female counterpart of the gentle Mahomanay. But more aggressive in protecting her domain. Some stories suggest she grants people with good intentions a Mutya imbued with magical powers connected to animals. 

Tahamaling

7. Abyan 

Engkanto Abyan o Puting Engkanto

Puting Engkanto 

The  Albino-like Engkanto Abyan are often depicted as childlike and benevolent. Elderly Abyan seem like teenagers compared to humans in appearance but ancient when it comes to wisdom. They help good people and grant blessings, power to those who want to do good. Often they are Gabay or Engkanto allies of Manunugis and Antingero.

Engkantong Abyan

8. Babaylan (Spiritual Leaders and Healers):

The Babaylan are highly revered spiritual leaders, shamans, and healers in Philippine culture, aligned with the Kanan because of their profound connection to the divine and their role in maintaining the balance between the physical and spiritual worlds. These powerful women (and in rare cases, men) serve as intermediaries between humans and the spirits, performing vital roles such as healing, conducting rituals, and communicating with ancestral spirits, gods, and nature spirits.

The Babaylan have the ability to invoke the Diwata, call upon protective spirits, and channel the energies of nature to heal the sick, bless crops, and protect their communities from harm. They also play a crucial role in cleansing and purifying spaces, driving away malevolent spirits from the Kaliwa such as Aswangs and Tamawo, and maintaining the spiritual equilibrium of their people.

The Babaylan's rituals often involve prayers, dance, and sacrifices to appease the gods and ensure the welfare of their communities. Their wisdom, handed down through generations, reflects a deep understanding of nature, medicine, and the cosmos, further cementing their position as figures of light and good within the Kanan. Today, the legacy of the Babaylan continues to thrive, as they are recognized as custodians of traditional Filipino spirituality and protectors of cultural identity.

9. Antingero (Charm Makers and Keepers of Mystical Talismans):

The Antingero are individuals who create and wield anting-anting, or mystical amulets, believed to bring protection, strength, and good fortune. They align with the Kanan because they use their knowledge of charms and talismans for benevolent purposes, helping individuals defend themselves against the forces of the Kaliwa. Anting-anting are traditionally imbued with sacred powers, passed down through rituals, prayers, and chants, invoking blessings from the Diwata, Babaylan, or other protective spirits.

These amulets can be used to ward off evil entities such as the Aswang, Tamawo, and other malevolent forces. The Antingero also assist in giving protection during times of battle or danger, enhancing their wearers’ physical or spiritual abilities. Anting-anting can come in the form of medallions, written prayers, or even herbs and stones enchanted with powerful prayers and rituals.

The Antingero, through their work, preserves ancient knowledge of Filipino mysticism and spirituality. They act as defenders against the dark forces of the Kaliwa, ensuring their communities remain safe and spiritually fortified.

These Kanan creatures and practitioners work in harmony with nature, protecting humans from illness, misfortune, and malevolent spirits. Their roles as healers, protectors, and guides offer a vital counterbalance to the threats posed by the dark forces of the Kaliwa.

Kaliwa and Kanan in Modern Philippine Culture

Philippine mythology, despite centuries of colonization and the spread of Christianity, continues to thrive in modern times, especially in rural areas where traditional beliefs are still widely practiced. The Kaliwa and Kanan dichotomy remains a significant part of Filipino folklore, influencing how people view the moral spectrum of supernatural forces.

Even today, stories of Aswangs, Diwatas, Mangkukulams, and Albularyos persist, passed down through oral traditions, popular media, and even urban legends. Many Filipinos still consult Albularyos and Mangagamots for traditional healing, while others hold festivals and rituals to honor the Diwata and seek protection from the Kaliwa.

The Kaliwa and Kanan duality is a reflection of the Filipino understanding of balance—between good and evil, darkness and light. It speaks to a worldview where supernatural forces are ever-present, and the choices individuals make, whether in magic or morality, ripple through the natural and spiritual worlds.