Bicolano Myths : September 2014

Sunday, September 7, 2014

Mga Mitolohiya ng Bikolano at Visaya: Magkasalukuyan at magkaakibat Kuwento ng mga Sinanang diyos at Nilalang

**Mga Mitolohiya ng Bikolano at Visaya: Magkasalukuyang Kuwento ng mga Diyos at Nilalang**

Nakakalito at minsan nakaka sakit ng ulo ang mitolohiya ng Pilipinas. Ngunit ito rin ay nakaka aliw Ang mga mito at alamat ng mga Bikolano at mga Bisaya ay magkasalukuyang at magkaakibat isinalaysay mula pa sa simula ng pinaka-unang kolonya, bumubuo ng isang kakaibang anyo ng masalimuot na kwento tungkol sa mga diyos, nilalang, bayani, at mga tao. Bagamat ang panahon ng kolonisasyong Espanyol ay nagdala ng mga hamon, nananatili ang mga naratibong ito bilang patunay ng kayamanan ng kulturang Bikolano at Bisaya. Pinag-isa ng iisang pinagmulang kultura, nagtatampok ang mga kulturang ito ng kahanga-hangang pagkakatulad, mula sa kanilang sistema ng kasta hanggang sa kanilang mga mito, naglilikha ng kakaibang eksplorasyon sa magkakasanib na mga paniniwala.

Ang mga kolonyang Ibalong ng Bikol ay nahanay sa Konfederasyon ng mga Bisaya, isang alyansa na matatagpuan sa isla ng Panay. Habang naglakbay ang mga Bisaya patungo sa mga pook tulad ng Lawa ng Taal at Tangway ng Bicol, nagsimula ang magkakasalukuyang pag-uugma ng kanilang mga kultura. Ang kanilang mga kapani-paniwala, diyos, at mito ay nagpapakita ng isang pagpapakatibay ng kosmos mula sa kaguluhan. Ang oral na tradisyon ng mga komunidad na ito ay nagdadala ng mga kwento na sumasagot sa malalim na katanungan, naglalantad ng iisang pananaw sa mundo at pagsasarili sa isang pandaigdigang konteksto.

Sa simula, parehong naniniwala ang mga Bikolano at Bisaya sa isang walang anuman, mula sa kung saan sumibol ang malaking karagatan at walang hanggang kalangitan. Ang mga diyos tulad ni Languit at Tubigan ay namumuno sa kalangitan at karagatan sa mitolohiyang Bikol, katulad ng paghahari nina Maguayan at Kaptan sa mitolohiyang Bisaya. Ang kosmikong naratibo ay may kahanga-hangang pagkakatulad, na naglalantad ng interconnectedness ng mga kulturang ito.

Si Dagat, ang karagatan, at si Paros, ang hangin, sa Bikol, ay may paralelismo sa pag-iisa nina Lidagat at Lihangin, ang hangin, sa mga alamat ng Bisaya. Ang mga kwento na ito ay nagbunga ng mga anak na naglaro ng pangunahing papel sa mga sumunod na kwento. Ang mga pagkakatulad sa daloy ng pangyayari at sa paglalarawan ng mga diyos ay nagpapakita ng isang iisang pundasyon ng kultura.

Ang pag-uugma ng mitolohiya ng mga Bikolano at Bisaya ay kumikilos patungo sa kanilang mga panginoon. Gayunpaman, hindi ito palaging tahimik, dahil ang ilan sa mga diyos ng mga Bisaya ay itinuturing na may takot at pag-aalinlangan ng mga Bikolano. Si Naguined, ang diyos ng digma at lason ng mga Bisaya, ay naging masamang puwersa, kasama ang kanyang mga kapatid na sina Arapayan at Magkaburak, sa mga kwento ng mga Bikolano. Sa tawag ni Asuang mula sa kabilang bahagi ng dagat, dumating sila kasama ang mga mananakop na Bisaya, na nagtatampok ng isang trinidad ng mga guwapo ngunit demonyong mga tauhan. Ang mga demonyo, sa ilalim ng ilang bersyon, ay nagiging itim na nilalang na uhaw sa dugo ng tao, na nag-iiwan ng pangmatagalang epekto sa mitolohiyang Bikolano.

Si Adlao ng Bikolano ang mga kwentong pumapalipot sa diwata ng araw ay sumasalamin sa mga kwento ni Liadlaw ng mga Bisaya. Ang kabaitan at nag aalab na lakas at tindig ng haring araw na nagbibigay buhay at lakas.

Ang halimaw na si Rabot, na nagmula sa trinidad na ito ng demonyo, ay naging manipestasyon ng mga kahihinatnan ng kanilang kooperasyon. Ang kuwento ng isang aliping babae na nakakatagpo sa guwapo trinidad sa tabi ng dalampasigan ay nagbigay-diin sa madilim na kalikasan ng kanilang mga interaksyon at sa mga sumunod na kapanganakan ng isang malakas na halimaw.

Ang Bakunawa, isang diyos na tagapamahala ng daanan patungo sa kabilang buhay, ay may kahalagahan sa buong arkipelago. Sa mga paniniwala ng mga Bikolano at Bisaya, may papel ang Bakunawa sa mga laho (eclipse). Gayunpaman, ang kanyang pagkakakarakter ay nag-iba, na sa una, ay inaakalang mabuti ng mga Bikolano bago ito parusahan ng pinakamataas na diyos na ito at maging isang tagapagdala ng malas at kapahamakan.

Nagined, Arapayan at Magkabura - Tatlong magkakapatid na kung nagsasalita ay sabay sabay, makisig malakas, batukan (maraming tato) ngunit ang kanilang tunay na anyo ay demonyong-halimaw na may tatlong ulo

Kan-laon isang masamang diyos ng apoy at lagim, dahilan ng lindol, mga sunog-gubat at pagsalakay ng mga balang. Si Kanlaon ay isang nakakatakot na diwata o diyos ng kasamaan. Kalaban ni Gugurang, samantala sa Kabisaya-an siya ay isang magandang diwata na nagbibigay biyaya sa sakahan. Pagpapalaganap ng kasaganahan ng ani at mapayapang buhay.Kabaliktara ng sa Ibalong kung saan si Kanlaon ay tinuturing na masama.

Si Kalapitnan at ang kanyang kwento ay magkahawig sa kwentong Bisaya tungok kay Sinogo

Si Sidapa, ang guwapong kabiyak ni Bulan, ay nagbigay daan sa pagitan ng dalawang kultura. Sa parehong mga bersyon ng mga Bikolano at Bisaya, ang pagliligawan ni Sidapa sa pagmamahal ni Bulan ay kasama ang mga pagsubok at milagro. Ang kanyang mga pagbabago at kahanga-hangang gawain ay nagpapakita ng isang karakter na, bagamat dayuhan, ay nagkaroon ng mahalagang papel sa pagbuo ng mitolohiya ng parehong rehiyon.

Ang Tamawo at Dalakitnon, mga nilalang na ito ay pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa Visayas sa mga mata ng mga Bikolano tinatawag na Engkanto ng mga Bicolano. Ang mga nilalang na ito, na maaaring maging masamang nilalang o mabuti, ay kaugnay sa pagmamasid sa mga langit ng mga pagpapakasal. Dumudukot ng mga magagandang dilag na kanilang napupusuan.

Ang kwento ng bakunawa at pitong buwan ay nagdagdag sa kayamanang kultura ng mga Bikolano at Bisaya. Bagamat maaaring mag-iba ang mga detalye, nananatili ang kahulugan ng kwento sa parehong salaysay ng Bikolano at Visayan. Ang simbolismo ng mga diyos ng buwan at ang kanilang koneksyon sa kosmikong ayos ay lumampas sa mga rehiyonal na pagkakaiba.

Sa Kabisaya-an partikular sa Capiz (Western Visayas) ay nainiwala sila sa dalawang diyos na si Agurang(Gugurang) at Asuwang (Aswang) na naglaban at nag tuos

Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang

Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Aguwang

Si Haliya, ang diyosa ng liwanag ng buwan, ay naging isang nag-uugnay na pangalan na kaakibat ng pagsusulong ng mga kababaihan at kalaban ng Bakunawa. Kanyang pagsamba ay kumalat sa parehong mga rehiyon, kung saan ang mga awit at handog sa kanyang karangalan ay naglalakbay sa mga baybayin ng Visayas.

Sa kabisayaan may mga taong sumasamba kay Bulan

Si Bulan, diwata ng buwan. diyos ng kahanga-hangang kagandahan, ay nagmistulang pangunahing tauhan sa mga mitolohiyang Bikolano at Bisaya. Iniidolo dahil sa kanyang kagandahan, ito'y itinuturing na dahilan ng pagtaas ng tubig sa buwan. Ang kumplikadong relasyon niya, lalo na kay Sidapa, ay nagpapahayag ng mga magkatulad na kwento.

Ang Asuang, isang nilalang ng gabi na kumakain ng tao, ay malakas na nakakatama sa parehong kultura. Para sa mga Bikolano, itinuturing na mga minyon ni Asuang ang mga Asuang, naglalarawan ng gulo at kahindik-hindik.

Si Gugurang, bagamat itinuturing na pinakamataas na diyos ng mga Bikolano, ay nagkaruon ng ibang papel sa mata ng mga Bisaya. Tinuturing na isa sa mga diyos sa ibaba, si Gugurang ay isang masamang diyos na sumasalakay sa mga taga Negros dala dala ang kanyang mga halimaw na ibon. nananatili siyang mas mababa o sa ilalim ng itinuturing na pinakamataas na diyos ng mga Bisaya, si Laon.

Kung bubusalsalin ang magkakaugnay na mito at alamat ng Pilpinas matutuklasang may mga ugnayan ang mga ito, gaya ng mga tao. Pagpapalit palit pagsasalinsalin ng Ang masalimuot na sayaw ng mga diyos, nilalang, at bayani sa mitolohiyang Bikolano at Bisaya ay nag-aalok ng sulyap sa iisang kultura ng mga rehiyon. Sa kabila ng paglipas ng panahon at mga impluwensiya mula sa labas, patuloy na nag-uugma ang mga kuwento ng magkakasalukuyang ito, nagbibigay buhay sa isang masalimuot na kasaysayan na naglalarawan ng malalim na kahulugan ng mitolohiyang Pilipino.

REMINDER

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding, not for appropriation, commercial exploitation, or the promotion of foreigners and foreign products. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos.

Tawong Lipod Bicol Folklore

Tawong Lipod

TAWONG LIPOD- as a general term for invisible mythological creatures like fairies, nymphs, giants, elves, etc.

The term "Tawong Lipod" finds its roots in Philippine mythology, representing an archaic concept of invisible wind beings. Initially characterized as graceful and benevolent female spirits intricately connected to clouds and waters within the cultural context of Bicolano society, these entities underwent a transformation over the course of time, evolving into malevolent figures known as Engkanto in modern times. Once described as slender and aesthetically pleasing entities with the ability to manipulate winds, contemporary portrayals depict them as obscure and harmful invisible beings. Within the present-day Philippines, Tawong Lipod has been subjected to demonization in horror narratives, deviating from their original benevolent nature and becoming agents of affliction and malady in the collective imagination.

Children in Bicol often engage in the tradition of sharing spooky stories, particularly those revolving around the Tawong Lipod. These tales involve dark shadows and unseen malicious spirits, creating an atmosphere of fear and excitement as the youngsters attempt to scare each other with these eerie narratives.

Tawong Lipod

Saturday, September 6, 2014

Lesser Divinites and Spirits in Bicol mythology and Folklore

Lesser Divinities of Bicol Mythology

Anito - Asncestral spirits

In Bicol mythology, the Anito, revered ancestral spirits and deities, hold a significant place, embodying a connection between the mortal and divine realms. These spirits, which include actual ancestors, cultural heroes, and guardian entities, play a crucial role in offering guidance, protection, and blessings to the living. The tangible representation of Anito is found in "taotao," carved humanoid figures serving as vessels for invoking ancestral spirits. Carved during funeral ceremonies, these figures endure as cultural artifacts, embodying the Bicolano people's spiritual connection and heritage. The act of invoking these spirits involves rituals, ceremonies, and prayers, reinforcing the belief in the continued influence of the Anito in times of need.

Katambay - Guardian spirits

The Katambay are a mythological race of spirits in Bicol lore. They are believed to reside with Gugrangwas, the god of good, in the skyworld called Kamurawayan. A Katambay is a guardian spirit who protects humans, depicted as spirits that take the form of men with long dark hair and wear "pudong" or gold ornaments or silver. They act like guardian angels in times of need.

These spirits are called or invoked in times of need and trouble to protect from harm or danger. People believe that they descend from the heavens to help those in need with pure intentions. The presence of Katambay is sought for reassurance and guidance during challenging moments, and their benevolent nature is trusted to bring comfort and safeguard individuals from adversity.

TAWONG LIPOD- as a general term for invisible mythological creatures like fairies, nymphs, giants, elves, etc.

Tawong Lipod - Benevolent Wind and cloud maidens turned good water nymphs and Malevolent Spirits

The Tawong Lipod comprises female spirits associated with the winds and clouds. Among them, certain entities underwent transformations, becoming water nymphs as well as malevolent spirits and dark shadows. This metamorphosis occurred when the deity Bulan inadvertently left some of these spirits behind during his ascent from Ibalong back to the heavens. The dark Tawong Lipod are believed to cause ailments when disturbed, they can also be companions of healers and bringers of luck. Originally depicted as beautiful and loyal servants of the lunar gods, they later became associated with horror stories and vileness in contemporary Philippines. The Tawong lipod or wind slyphs left behind on earth by the Moon god Bulan turned into good water nymphs, Bad dark shadows, Malevolent evil spirits

"Tawong Lipod" is an ancient term in Philippine mythology that refers to invisible wind creatures. However, over time, they underwent a transformation into malicious beings known as Engkanto.

In contemporary Philippines, Tawong Lipod is often portrayed negatively in horror stories, where they are depicted as causing sickness and trouble for people, rather than being seen as kind spirits. In the old Ibalong epic, some of the heroes, such as Baltog, were believed to be descended from the Tawong Lipod, indicating a divine origin for these characters.

Naga (Irago) - Water spirits and Snakelike Mermaids

The Naga or Irago Synchronized with the Magindara captivating mermaid-like beings in Philippine and Bikolano mythology, are known as Irago, Marindaga, Marinaga, and Maginaga. Unlike typical mermaids, they have eel or water snake tails instead of fish tails, with the upper body of a human female featuring an alluring face, curvaceous body, and long flowing hair. In the Ibalong epic, a hero seals the Naga into a cave for assisting the demi goddess Oryol.

They bring both rain and fertility but are also believed to bring disasters like floods and droughts. Nagas, snake-like mermaids capable of taking human form, are known for their curiosity. Traditionally, they are only malevolent when mistreated by humans, particularly in environmental matters. Associated with various water bodies, they are generally regarded as guardians of treasure.

REMINDER

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

The Epic of Ibalong: Tales of Creation, Conquest, and Tragedy

The Ibálong, also known as Handiong, is a captivating folk epic from the Bikol region of the Philippines. Passed down through generations by male epic chanters known as Kadunung, it weaves a rich tapestry of myths, legends, and moral teachings. This epic narrates the origin of the land called Ibalong, the arrival of its first inhabitants led by Baltog, and the subsequent heroic exploits of Handiong.

The Founding of Ibalong:

Long ago, a land emerged from the sea, and ships bearing people arrived, led by Baltog. Clad in gold ornaments, Baltog, believed to be a descendant of the gods or the "tawong lipod" (wind people), settled in Tundol. The people faced challenges as the land was lush but infested with beasts and strange creatures. They prayed to their moon gods and decided to make Ibalong their new colony, building homes, cultivating the soil, and planting crops.

Baltog and the Tandayang sa Opon:

The arrival of the settlers disrupted the lives of the mythical creatures, leading to conflicts with beasts like the intelligent Tandayang sa Opon, a gigantic wild boar. In a fit of rage over destroyed crops, Baltog single-handedly killed the beast, hanging its enormous jawbones on a talisay tree. This victory attracted neighboring tribes, including Panikwason and the male shamans called Asog.

Handiong's Arrival and Conquest:

From a distant land, another group of men arrived, led by the muscular and armed Handyong. Their mission was to purge Ibalong of non-human creatures and establish their dominance. A series of epic battles ensued, starting with the defeat of a one-eyed, three-necked monster in Ponong. The warriors, including Handyong, faced and conquered giant flying fishes, fierce Tamaraws, Sarimaos, Buayas, and more, turning the rivers and swamps of Ibalong red with the blood of defeated monsters.

The Intervention of Gods and Demigods:

As the human conquest continued, the gods observed the changing fate of Ibalong. Oryol, a beautiful demigoddess, attempted to thwart the foreign warriors but ended up falling in love with Handyong. Together, they cleansed the land of monsters, revealing the secrets of gods and beasts. Despite the prosperity brought by the human conquest, tragedy loomed on the horizon.

The Tragic Ending and Transformation:

As Ibalong flourished under Handiong's leadership, the gods intervened, leading to the tragic demise of the hero. Onos, the god of storms, fell in love with a mortal named Takay, and his jealousy sparked a series of catastrophic events. Ibalong faced floods, volcanic eruptions, and divine wrath, culminating in the transformation of Kanaway into stone and the sinking of Mount Asog.

Bantong's Heroic Deed:

A new threat emerged in the form of Rabot, a fierce half-man, half-monster. Bantong, a friend of Handiong, devised a clever plan to defeat the creature by waiting for its moments of weakness. With a single stab, Bantong brought peace back to Ibalong.

In ages past, in Ibalong's embrace,

Where sea met shore in tranquil grace.

Ships arrived, their leader descended,

Baltog, kin of gods, strength attended.

Muscles carved like pale-hued gold,

Leader swift, tales of legends told.

From sea to shore, they sought to dwell,

In Tundol's embrace, their stories swell.

Prayers to moon gods, a new colony born,

Houses erected, crops sown at morn.

Beasts and creatures, displaced they rove,

Rich soil tamed by Baltog's daring trove.

The mighty Tandayang, a boar so grand,

Intelligent, a threat to crops' grandstand.

In Tondol's night, destruction laid,

Baltog, furious, a vow he made.

With bare hands, Tandayang fell,

Jawbones hung, a victory swell.

Feast and celebration, tribes arrived,

Panikwason, Asog, admiration derived.

From distant lands, a leader emerged,

Tall and strong, bolo's edge urged.

Handyong, with a warrior's might,

To purge the land, creatures to smite.

One-eyed monsters, giants bold,

Tiburon's realm, stories unfold.

Flying fishes vanquished, a courageous quest,

Tamaraws tamed, the land at rest.

Creatures rebelled, Sarimao's fight,

Warriors blessed, wielding moonlight.

Buaya slain, with arrows' might,

Rivers ran red, nature's final night.

Asuang, lord of monsters, watched the play,

Gugurang favored men, a new day.

Oryol, a demigoddess, beauty rare,

A serpent's form, in moonlit air.

Traps set by Handyong's cunning art,

Oryol, intelligent, played her part.

Vicious mermaids joined her side,

Handyong's men in battle died.

Sealed within a cave, mermaids' plight,

Handyong sought Oryol, a moonlit night.

Battle fierce, respect earned in strife,

Love blossomed, transcending life.

Oryol shared the gods' sacred lore,

Handyong cleansed Ibalong's core.

Years passed, a land bountiful and rich,

Handyong's legacy, a fruitful pitch.

Towns rose, inventions flourished,

Laws set, equality nourished.

All was well until the gods' decree,

Onos, storm god, caused the sea.

Takay, fair maiden, love entwined,

Onos' desire, love maligned.

Kamaway turned to stone, a tragic fate,

Onos wreaked havoc, sealing their state.

Volcanoes erupted, waters rose,

Pasacao emerged, nature's throes.

Deluge, floods, Onos' rage,

Bulan and Haliya descended from their stage.

In Lake Buhi, where waters sway,

Takay transformed, flowers in array.

Spurned love, Ibalong's doom,

Rabot emerged, a harbinger's gloom.

Half-human, half-monster, Rabot's might,

Bantong rose to end the blight.

Observing, waiting for sleep's embrace,

A single stab, peace in the space.

Yet, Handyong mourned, a passing age,

Men more vicious than a monster's rage.

Free will and the hunt, a change profound,

Subjugation's whispers, a foreboding sound.

The epic of Ibalong, with its tales of creation, conquest, and tragedy, offers a glimpse into the rich cultural and mythical heritage of the Bikol region. It celebrates the bravery of heroes, the intervention of gods, and the inevitable transformations that shape the destiny of a land and its people. The epic reflects the complexities of human existence, exploring themes of conquest, love, and the passage of time, all wrapped in the captivating storytelling tradition of the Kadunung.

Thursday, September 4, 2014

Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures

Bicolano gods

Bicolano Pantheon and Mythology

The Bicolano culture, deeply rooted in the Philippines, boasts a vibrant mythology that reflects the region's lush landscapes, dynamic traditions, and the profound connection between the people and the divine. The Bicolano pantheon is a tapestry of gods, goddesses, and mythical creatures, each with its unique stories and significance. This article explores the realms of Bicolano mythology, shedding light on the deities that shape the collective consciousness of the Bicolano people.

Geographical Context:

The Bicol Region, situated in the southeastern part of Luzon, provides the backdrop for a mythology intricately woven into the fabric of the people's daily lives. Surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Sea, the region's geography significantly influences its myths, with the sea, mountains, and forests serving as mystical realms inhabited by divine beings.

Gugurang: The Supreme Deity:

At the pinnacle of the Bicolano pantheon stands Gugurang, the supreme deity and the ruler of Mt. Mayon, an iconic active volcano in the region. Gugurang is revered as the god of good harvest, prosperity, and fertility. The mythical Mount Mayon itself, often shrouded in mist and surrounded by verdant landscapes, is believed to be the abode of Gugurang.

Asuang: The Lord of Darkness:

In contrast to the benevolent Gugurang, the Bicolano pantheon includes Asuang, the lord of darkness and chaos. Asuang embodies malevolence, and his influence is associated with misfortune, illness, and natural disasters. The eternal struggle between Gugurang and Asuang mirrors the cosmic balance between good and evil.

Handiong and the Epic of Ibalong:

The Bicolano epic, Ibalong, recounts the heroic deeds of Handiong, a legendary warrior who battled mythical creatures and monsters to cleanse the land. The epic is a testament to the Bicolanos' courage and resilience, symbolizing the triumph of humanity over adversity. Handiong's adventures offer insights into the moral values and societal norms upheld by the Bicolano people.

Other Deities and Creatures:

The Bicolano pantheon extends beyond Gugurang, Asuang, and Handiong to include a myriad of deities and mythical creatures. Notable among them is Oryol, a demigoddess with a serpentine form, who plays a pivotal role in the Ibalong epic. Kalapitnan, the god of bats, and Katambay, benevolent celestial beings acting as intermediaries between humans and Gugurang, contribute to the rich tapestry of Bicolano mythology.

Bicolano Rituals and Beliefs:

The mythology of the Bicolano people is not confined to ancient tales but remains a living tradition embedded in their rituals and beliefs. Festivals like the Pantomina, celebrated with dance and music, pay homage to mythical beings and serve as expressions of gratitude and reverence.

Challenges in Preserving Bicolano Mythology:

As modernization and globalization impact indigenous cultures, there is a growing concern about the preservation of Bicolano mythology. The oral transmission of myths, once the primary method of passing down stories, faces challenges in an era dominated by written literature and digital media.

Comparisons to Hinduism and Buddhism:

Despite the allure of equating Philippine mythology with European perspectives, a more insightful comparison emerges when juxtaposed with Hinduism and Buddhism. The influence of Indian culture, evident in ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges, has left an indelible mark on Philippine mythology. Understanding the shared threads between these Southeast Asian cultures allows for a deeper appreciation of the interconnectedness of beliefs and practices.

Oral Transmission as a Living Tradition:

Philippine mythology is not confined to dusty tomes but thrives as a living, breathing tradition passed down orally through generations. This oral transmission ensures that the essence of the stories remains intact, with storytellers adding their own nuances and interpretations. Foreigners looking through a European lens may miss the dynamic nature of these narratives, intertwined with the daily lives of the Filipino people.

Cultural Contexts in Mythological Names

The names of gods, goddesses, and mythical beings in Philippine mythology often carry specific cultural contexts and linguistic significance. Attempting to translate these names into English may lead to a loss of the deeper meanings and cultural resonances encapsulated within the linguistic roots of these stories.

Visayan gods - Bicolano demons

The people of Ibalong viewed some of the Visayan gods as demons, specifically the war gods.

the Bicolanos of Ibalong viewed the Visayan gods through the lens of conflict and strife. The tattoos that once signified strength and identity to the Visayans became, in the eyes of the Bicolanos, the markings of malevolent beings who, in the form of gods, brought havoc to their peaceful colonies. This interplay of regional dynamics showcases the complex ways in which perceptions are shaped by historical interactions and cultural clashes.

Beyond the Eurocentric (Westernized) Gaze

Foreign perspectives on Philippine mythology often fall prey to Eurocentric interpretations, missing the unique cultural and linguistic nuances. Rather than approaching these myths through a European lens, a more illuminating exploration involves recognizing the indigenous perspectives and influences that have shaped these narratives over centuries.

REMINDER

Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures

Languiton

Languiton - was the primal Bicolano god representing the sky. sovereign of all the flying creatures in the skies. He associated with the clear blue skies that represent purity of soul, truth, and stability

Tubigan god of the water

Tubigan - was the god of water and the celestial ocean, ruled over all the swimming beast. Deity associated with material abudance

Dagat

Dagat - the divine embodiment of the seas and ocean and daughter of Tubigan (In some stories she is the daughter of Langution). Some stories she was the daughter of Laguiton who took Paros the winds to be her husband and equal, they ruled over the skies and the seas. Love is one thing stronger than the gods for it killed her and Paros, other belief that they have found contentment and had simply slept, the sky and the sea. When she died/slept from the waters the god Magindang was born.

Paros - the divine embodiment of the winds, ever-changing, arrogant and polygamous until he was bested by Dagat, he fell in love with her and changed his old ways, they ruled over all the skies and seas. He and Dagat had four powerful children (Daga,Adlao,Bulan and Bituoon). When he died his energy gave birth to the Taong Lipod or the wind people and the trinity of the most powerful gods of Bicol (Cagurangan,Gugurang,Asuang), and to lesser gods such as Onos and Batala

Daga

Daga - enormous as he is strong, his body is made of rocks. Arrogant that he had inherited most of his father's powers of the wind in addition to his strength. Daga persuaded his brothers to attack Languiton to steal his power but failed. He was struck down and his body became the earth

Adlao

Adlao - noticeably happy and optimistic, The golden man, He was reluctant of his brother's plans but loved Daga too much to go against him. He became the sun

Bulan

Bulan - fairest son of Dagat and Paros, He is comely and docile. Bulan obeyed his brothers will without question. He became the beautiful moon, he was restored back to life by the powerful Gugurang and placed him in the "Kamurayan" or Heaven.

Bituoon - lovely and bright and the only daughter of Paros and Dagat, She was of silver, She was accidentally killed by Languiton thus became the stars.

Gugurang

Gugurang - The Bicolano Supreme declared Asuang to be his inferior. He commanded light and fire and some stories lighting. Depicted as tall, muscular with silver hair, He once resided in Kamurayan or heavens but left to reside in Mt. Mayon, in his place he placed Bulan in the heavens with the wind people.

"Sa Kapinuon-puonan, An buhay kan katawohan, Dusay lubos ki Gugurang
Na samuyang kagurangan"

Sa pinaka-simula, ang buhay ng sangkatauhan ay alay lahat kay Gugurang na pinakamakapangyarihan

He is the symbol of the good (an mga marhay) ready to punish the bad (an mga maraot). When the people saw fire (calayo) flowing out of the crater of Mayon, they would grow afraid. They would then offer a sacrifice (atang) to him to appease his wrath. The Baliana, priestess, officiated in the ceremony. Always when they committed wrong, there would be loud moaning of the earth followed by an eruption of fire and lava.

Asuang

Asuang - He was Gugurangs equal until Gugurang proved he is superior to all. He tried to steal Gugurangs scared fire but failed. He was also from the heavens but descended to Mt. Malinao. Even though he is considered a dark and evil god and of all the beast, he is a friend of Bulan (god of the moon) the two are worshiped side by side by the cross-dressing priests called "Baylan". Asuang is the father of Oryol was the most beautiful and powerful female in the land of Ibalon before Magayon and her sisters came. Some say he is tall and muscular having long dark hair and is extremely attractive but the moonlight reveals his true form which is ugly and monstrous.

Batala - He is a lesser god, kind and helpful. Batala commands the "anito" or all ancestral spirits of men. He is invoked in times of need and trouble. He comes in a form of a bird or a great eagle and is believed to be a middle-aged man with a robust body

Linti

Linti - Embodiment of lighting, commands lighthing. described as a handsome young man. He obeys Gugurang's command and punishes evil. Always accompined by his brother Dologdog. Linti is the god of lightining in Bicolano mythology, the embodiment of lightning, is described as a handsome young man who weirds a thousand silver spears (lightning)

Dalogdog
Dologdog

Dalogdog - He is the embodiment of thunder, Brother of Linti and also one of Gugurang's vassal. He and Linti were sent by Gugurang to attack mount Malinao, they attacked in until it was half its original size. Dalogdog is the god of thunder in Bicolano mythology portrayed as riding a storm cloud with fierce and aggressive facial expressions, Dologdog is the embodiment of thunder and the brother of Linti

Magindang

Magindang - the powerful god of the sea, fishing and ruler of all its creatures. Venerated by fishermen and sea voyagers. He gives bountiful catch and safe passage to all who call to him.He is depicted as tall and muscular with long flowing hair. He is also known to admire the moon Bulan and the reason is to why the tides would rise towards the moon. He was tricked by Oryol who commanded the Magindara (vicious mermaids) to kill the beautiful maiden Malinao.

Adlaw

Adlao - ( ancient god re-worshiped) The embodiment of the sun and light, heat. Placed in the sky by Gugurang himself. Father of the demigod Uratihondemi sun god who fell in love with the mortal,refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited girl, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned the girl and whole village until nothing but hot springs remained

Bulan

Bulan - (the ancient god re-worshiped) the embodiment of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He was placed in the Kamurayan by Gugurang. Bulan is said to be accompanied by the wind people who act as his surfs and handmaidens and also his warriors. Bulan out of loneliness with the use of starlight created a being in his image, a confidant to keep him company, it was the goddess Haliya. Bulan is worshipped by the Baylan for his beauty, and for protection against the darkness, and creatures of the night. He was pursued by Magindang (the god of the sea) when he descended into the waters of Bicol. He is a friend of Asuang (god of evil and chaos). There is a story concerning Bulan and the takay flower, that the moon saw the lovely maiden drown and made her into the "takay" flower or the Bicolano water- hyacinth

"igwang sayaw nin pag-arang;

sayaw nin kaogmahan, sayaw ki Bulan

sayaw ki Halia"

Haliya

Haliya - She is the goddess of moonlight and Bulan's sister, confidant and protector. She is strong and adamant as Bulan is weak and submissive. She is depicted as a very lovely young woman. She and Bulan are the most pursued and fairest beings in the heavens. She wears a mask to hide her beauty.
She was convinced by the wind people or Taong Lipod to go down to the waters of the earth to bathe. Often depicted holding a kampilan.
She is believed to worshiped by women, she is the symbol of strength in women. Dance ritual Halea or Haliya is named after her, She is also known to be the arch-enemy of Bakunawa (Bakunawa pursued his brother Bulan)

"Halia" was a ritual performed during the full moon. Tribespeople would exit their homes, gather in the streets, and create a cacophony of noise to deter the serpent Bakunawa from devouring the moon. The ceremony also aimed to dispel malevolent spirits.

The ancient ritual of Haliya, once a simple celebration of the full moon, gradually transformed over time into a mythical summoning of the goddess of the Moon, known as Haliya. As stories and myths evolve through generations, the Halya ritual took on deeper spiritual significance, incorporating elements of divine intervention and protection.As the ritual evolved, so too did the mythology surrounding it. Over time, the people began to personify the protective forces of the moon, giving rise to the concept of Haliya, the goddess of the Moon. Haliya became a symbol of strength and defense, defending the male lunar deity Bulan from the threat of the Bacunawa

Bacunawa - believed to be the cause of eclipse, Bakunawa is the deity of the deep and the underworld. She saw Bulan when he descended to swim with the magindara and had fallen in love. Unnoticed by the lunar god she swore to eat the moon, She transformed into a huge eel-like asian dragon (some say fish-dragon with gills with the mouth the size of a lake). Bakunawa is the arch-rival of Haliya. When she tries to devour the moon, people would light torched and make noise to invoke Bakunawa's rival Haliya.

Onos

Onos - god of storms, deluge and flood waters. He is muscular and tall with white tattoos all over his body. He sends storms to villages and farmlands when people forget their "atang(offerings or prayers)"

He is the guardian of the Takay a lesser god. Takay fell in love with Kanaway, he was separating the two. He shot Kanaway with his lightning but Kanaway only turned to stone, he got angry and attacked mt. Asog with numerous lighting bolts thus making it sink and turn into now Lake Buhi

Linti and Dologdog - Gugurang's two vassal depicted handsome young men . Lightning (Linti) and Thunder (Dalogdog). They were the symbol of Gugurang's punishment. Gugurang would send the two to punish stronger beings (gods). They were seduced by Asuang to join him and was almost succesful.
Linti and Dologdog were the beings resposible why Mt Malinao is now half its size (people of Ibalong believed it was taller and bigger until the two lesser gods hit it with their powers)

Okot

Okot - is the god of the forest and of hunting, protector of flora and fauna Tall, muscular with brown skin and is said that he has a belt of vines other stories it is made from gold with magic seeds. He whistles to imitate the call of birds and human, he is prayed upon in times of hunting. Some stories he appears to people in the form of a huge tree that has a face.

Kalapitnan - was one of the lesser gods worshipped and venerated in Ibalong, he was considered god of the bats. Believed to have had beautiful white feathered wings until he stole a divine seashell given by Languiton to Tubigan.He has many guises and he takes many forms such as lean young man with big bat wings, sometimes a huge monstrous creature resembling a bat but stands bipedal. Kalapitnan even takes the form of a swarm of bats. He is one of the neutral gods he neither sides with Gugurang nor Asuang.

Kanlaon

Kan-laon - Evil god of desctrution that rules over the otherside of the sea(Visayas) believed to send locus and create wildfires in Ibalong. He is the enemy of Gugurang.

Nagined - Evil og war and and poisons along with his siblings Arapayan and Magkaburak, believed ro be foreign gods from Visayas

Sidapa - worshipped only in coastal parts of Bicol and seen as a lesser deity by Bicolanos,

Apolaki - Vicious and strong monster of the mountain that is said to be strong enough to even take down the lightning deity Linti in battle. The monster Apolaki can take many forms, a handsome young man or a different beast put together. Has a golden diadem that shines like the sun

Anito - ancestral spirits venerated in communities and households, little wooden idols depict them. Believed to guide their living descendants and bring graces and good fortune.

Oratihon - refered in Tagalog english stories as ''the unnamed sundeity'' demigod of the sun, fire, and warmth, described as handsome with golden brown skin and rides a golden boat. Son of Adlaw he is known to be the cause of a great fire in Ibalong and his tears turned into Hotsprings demi-sun god who fell in love with the mortal,refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited girl, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned the girl and whole village until nothing but hot springs remained

MORTALS, HEROES AND PRINCES

Malinaw
Bai Malinao

Malinaw - the beautiful,fair and cloistered princess of Ibalong, was well-kept and the sister of Daragang Magayon. In the place where Malinao drowned, Mount Malinao appeared. She was well kept for because she is much favored by the god of the sea Magindang. For her light skin reminds the sea god of Bulan, the god of the moon. ever since Malinao was born their had always been a bountiful catch from sea, and when Malinao is sad their fisher men could not catch fish.She was killed by the demi goddess Oryol because Oryol believed Malinaw learned the secrets of the gods

Masaraga
Bai Masaraga

Masaraga - beautiful strong-willed and industrious princess of Ibalong, prayed to the gods often and possessed beautiful golden-brown skin. Tragically, she was killed by the flying monster called Banog, following the command of the demi-goddess Oryol.the ground where Masaraga fell to her death, Mount Masaraga appeared.

Magayon
Daragang Magayon

Magayon - Most beautiful Princess in Ibalong. Depicted as often surrounded by small birds.Magayon sometimes called Mayon or daragang Magayon is the youngest sister of Masaraga and Malinao, Beautiful but proud and moody, some say she was blessed with having golden-copper skin and copper/dark brown coloured hair. In the beginning she was stubborn and refused to make rituals and "atang" with her sisters. She fell in love with Panganoron and became humble but was forced to marry Pagtuga to save her father, Datu Makusog. She died during the fight of Pagtuga and Panganoron. In the place where she lay the stunning Mayon volcano grew.

Panganoron

Panganoron, a prince in Bicol mythology, is renowned as the beloved of Magayon. He was a noble figure who ventured into Ibalong in pursuit of a bride.

Gino Panganoron, also known as Gino Ulap or Prince Cloud among his companions, embarked on a quest to find a suitable partner. Having heard of the legendary beauty of Daragang Magayon, he journeyed far to behold her splendor. Panganoron was described as fair-skinned, and folklore speculated that his lineage was intertwined with that of the wind people or perhaps even mermaids. Enchanted by Magayon's allure, Panganoron demonstrated patience and unwavering admiration for her.

People believe that when clouds shroud the peak of Mayon Volcano, it symbolizes the ethereal embrace of Ulap and Magayon.

Takay

Takay - Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood caused by Onos god of the storms; transformed into flowers by Bulan the god of the moon. Takay was inlove with Kanaway, but Onos was inlove with Takay

Kanaway - Young lad who was inlove with Takay, He was turned to stone out of spite hit by lightning sent by Onos, but Kanaway only turned to stone

Datu Makusog - One of the Rulers of Ibalong, husband of Diwani. He is the father of Masaraga,Malinao and Magayon. Depicted as plump kind ruler,he was portly because during his mythical reign times were prosperous in Ibalon. No strife and calamities

Diwani

Diwani - the mythical queen of Ibalong, Beautiful, smart and industrious. She was very devoted to the gods and ancestral spirits. Often depicted as beautiful with golden tan skin and long dark hair. Skilled in the arts of weaving, embroidery and memorizing songs and rituals

Baltog - Depicted as very fair skinned belived to be from the race of tawong-lipod to come to Bicol. he introduced agriculture to Bicol by planting linsa or apay, which was a characteristic of early Indian colonizers. He slew the Tandayag Boar in a bone-wracking combat.

Bantong - Bantong was a brave and cunning young warrior who single-handedly killed the half-man and half-wild beast Rabot, although Handyong had given him 1,000 warriors to help him do it.

Handyong -The central figure in the epic is Handyong. He came to Bicol with his followers after Baltog, and came to be the most famous of the tawong-lipod. He cleared the land of predatory monsters, Handyong was assisted by Oryol cleared the lands of Ibalong of its mythological creatures.

BICOLANO MONSTERS

Mythologcal Monsters old times and contemporary

Oryol - the daughter of the deity Asuang. Oryol possesses inhuman beauty and prowess when it comes to seduction. Aside from being beautiful in stories, it is told that she has a beautiful voice that could lure anyone (both men and women, even animals) Half of her body is a serpent. In the Bicolano myths of Ibalong, Oryol is a demi-goddess with extraordinary beauty and seductive powers. Initially portrayed as both a villain and a hero, she commanded monsters against human colonies. However, a love story unfolds between Oryol and Handiog, a warrior. Despite their battles, they fall in love, and Oryol transforms from an obstacle to an ally, revealing divine secrets that contribute to the prosperity of Bicol. The story involves battles against monsters, including the mighty Buwaya tribe, and a tragic episode in Tulong Bulod where Oryol's jealousy leads to the demise of three sisters. Oryol's character embodies duality, portrayed as both malevolent and kind-hearted in different stories. Love plays a transformative role, highlighting the nuanced nature of her mythology.

MAGINDARA - Beautiful but vicious mermaids with colorful scales. Eats human flesh but is poisoned by children and virgins blood. Said to have been very vicous but when the lunar deity Bulan descended they became tame.these fierce siren of the sea, half woman, half fish with sharp fins and multicolored scales. It swam the deep seas or hid in cliffs and rocky shores. It would hide behind crags and rocks near the shorelines when summoned by evil spirits and waited for unsuspecting victims which it would drown in the deep sea.

Magindara - daughter of the deity Asuang and sister to Oryol. Magindara was said to be sweet and tender-hearted, unlike Oryol who was always smart and cunning. Asuang wanted to make chaos and asked her daughter to call a storm but Magindara being kind did not want to harm the people of Ibalong. She was banished to the sea by her father Asuang for disobeying him. Later beautiful but vicious mermaids appeared in the seas of Ibalong and were namesake Magindara

Naga - Naga also called Irago are Beautiful lesser divinties of water, fresh water mermaids with eels as lower part of their body. They were sealed inside the cave for helping Oryolwater elementals that have the upper body of beautiful young maidens and the lower body of an eel (similar to a mermaid). Long ago they were believed to reside in both fresh and salt waters of Ibalong. They are believed to be able to control water and are benevolent bringers of rain and guardians of treasure. The Naga are said to help people when in times of drought by bringing rain. Naga was believed to one of the many creatures to greet the descent of the celestial god Bulan on the waters of Ibalong. Some stories say that the Bakunawa was the most beautiful and powerful of all the Naga, thus a goddess among the Naga.

NAGA - Naga or Irago water elementals that have the upper body of beautiful young maidens and the lower body of an eel (similar to a mermaid). Long ago they were believed to reside in both fresh and salt waters of Ibalong. They are believed to be able to control water and are benevolent bringers of rain and guardians of treasure. The Naga are said to help people when in times of drought by bringing rain. Naga was believed to one of the many creatures to greet the descent of the celestial god Bulan on the waters of Ibalong. Some stories say that the Bakunawa was the most beautiful and powerful of all the Naga, thus a goddess among the Naga.

IRAGO - serpents related to Oryol, a serpent with a beautiful voice and could change its image to deceive enemies. Handyong sealed all the serpents inside a huge cave in Mount Hantik

DARUWANAK - Giant turtle the size of an island. In some stories the daruwanak was the twin of the goddess Bakunawa, While Bakunawa turned into a goddess then dragon, Daruanak turned into a gigantic turle that resembles an island.

DARUANAK – In Bicolano folklore, a gigantic turtle-like but hairy sea monster. Once it lived on land but because of its gradual growth it took to the sea in order to move freely.

DARUWANAK - Behemoth tortoise, colossal as an entire island. In certain tales, this monstrous creature is revealed as the celestial counterpart to the goddess Bakunawa. Unlike Bakunawa's transformation into a divine being and later into a dragon, Daruwanak metamorphoses into an immense turtle, its colossal form mirroring the contours of an entire island.

BAKUNAWA

Bakunawa, In Bicol mythology is a colossal fish-dragon-serpent of mythical proportions, holds sway over the celestial dance of the cosmos, instigating the mesmerizing spectacle of eclipses. Legends whisper of a time when Bakunawa, once a breathtaking Naga of unparalleled beauty, shared kinship with a turtle as her twin. In her resplendent days beneath the waves, she ascended to divinity, becoming the revered gatekeeper to the underworld.

One fateful night, the god of the moon descended, casting an ethereal glow that left all creatures in awe of its luminosity and androgynous grace. Bakunawa, too, found herself captivated by the celestial deity. Yet, despite the moon god's recurrent visits to the waters of Ibalong, engaging with mermaids and Buwaya in playful merriment, Bakunawa remained unnoticed. Consumed by longing, she pledged to make the moon god, Bulan, her own.

In a passionate pursuit, Bakunawa metamorphosed into a formidable fish-dragon, capable of ascending to the heavens to consume the coveted moon. However, the audacity of her actions angered the other gods, who, in response, condemned Bakunawa to her monstrous form as punishment for her reckless endeavor to claim the celestial prize. Thus, the once-beautiful Naga found herself forever transformed, eternally tethered to the celestial realms as the colossal and eclipsing Bakunawa.

Bakunawa (Bacunawa) photo by Byehero

TAWONG LIPOD- as a general term for invisible mythological creatures like fairies, nymphs, giants, elves, etc.

Tawong Lipod

Tawong Lipod - Female Spirits of the clouds and wind, Invisble unless they want to be seen. Surfs and handmaiden of Bulan and Haliya. Acts as Bulan's entourage whenever he descends to the waters of Ibalong to bathe or swim. The Tawong Lipod comprises female spirits associated with the winds and clouds. Among them, certain entities underwent transformations, becoming water nymphs as well as malevolent spirits and dark shadows. This metamorphosis occurred when the deity Bulan inadvertently left some of these spirits behind during his ascent from Ibalong back to the heavens.

Tawong Lipod

Tawong Lipod - The Tawong Lipod, mythical beings in Philippine folklore, underwent a transformation in their portrayal over time. Originally depicted as beautiful spirits of the clouds and waters, they were associated with positive attributes like gentle breezes and the beauty of the sky. In contemporary horror stories, however, they have become malevolent beings causing sickness, reflecting cultural changes and societal fears.

TANDAYAG NA OPON - Overly sized boar that once roamed freely in the land of Ibalong until the human settlers came and built their colony. Tandayang sa Opon was believed to be the guardian of the plains. He was considered a menace and a treat by the new settlers of Ibalong, and their champion Baltog killed the Tandayang sa opon with his bear hands.

TANDAYAG NA OPON – The guardian of the fields A huge black boar with massive tusks, residing in the hills of Lingyon. One of the forest guardians of Ibalong before the humans came, was slain by the human settlers

APOLAKI

Apolaki - The golden mountain monster in Bicol mythology . It stands in two feet and shaped like a man but has a diadem of gold that shines bright like the sun. It is said that the Apolaki is the fierce monster of the forest that is immune to fire. The warriors of Ibalong tired to burn the forest down but it had no effect on the Apolaki. The Apolaki was so strong that even the lightning god linti was defeated.

Apolaki - The golden mountain monster. It stands in two feet and shaped like a man but has a diadem of gold that shines bright like the sun. It is said that the Apolaki is the fierce monster of the forest that is immune to fire. The warriors of Ibalong tired to burn the forest down but it had no effect on the Apolaki. The Apolaki was so strong that even the lightning god linti was defeated.

Apolaki - mountain monster

Apolaki - Monster in the moutain that is shaped like a man

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak -Frequently referred to as siblings with skin bronzed by the sun and sea, these beings boasted bodies embellished with elaborate tattoos. Flawless in manhood, strength, and maturity, their voices harmonized as one when they communicated. Nevertheless, the reality of their essence eventually emerged - an unveiling that they constituted a three-headed monster, instigators of chaos and harm. According to Bicolano belief, they were summoned when one desired to cause pain and destruction, with the belief that the malevolent god Asuang had welcomed them as comrades.

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak -Bicolano demons Naguined, Arapayan, and Magkaburak are believed to be foreign gods by the people of Bicol, but they are discovered to be three-headed monsters causing harm and chaos. They are invoked for evil purposes, and the Bicolanos think they are allies of the evil god Asuang.

In the Ibalong legend, Rabot is the ultimate monster, a hybrid creature with a human upper body and a lower body resembling a water buffalo or horse. Rabot has golden sharp teeth, the ability to turn victims into stone, and bat wings. His origin involves a young commoner's encounter with three initially monstrous men who turn out to be handsome and god-like. Rabot grows into a giant with the mind of a child and, manipulated by the god Asuang, goes on a rampage turning people into stone. Despite being invincible, Rabot is eventually defeated by the hero Bantong, marking the end of an era where humans surpass monsters in destruction.

NAGINED, MAGKABURAK, and ARAPAYAN – The powerful trinity of demons in the old Ibalong beliefs, said to be three powerfully built handsome men with tattoos covering their faces and whole body. It is said that when they talk they all speak in the same time, and that their true form is a three headed demon. They are demons invoked when one wants to do harm. Even Asuang asks for their help when he wants to cause chaos

NAGINED, MAGKABURAK, and ARAPAYAN

The malevolent triumvirate of demons within ancient Ibalong folklore, whispered to be three towering, grotesque figures adorned with insidious tattoos veiling their faces and bodies. Legends tell of their unified, synchronized voices that echo in eerie harmony, concealing the sinister pact they share. Their authentic manifestation is believed to be a nightmarish, three-headed demon. These malevolent entities are invoked to unleash harm, so potent that even Asuang, the harbinger of chaos, implores their aid to amplify his malevolence.

RABOT

Rabot - coined as THE LAST MONSTER IN IBALONG a colossal, bipedal creature. His upper body is a testament to formidable human-like strength, while his lower body mirrors the robust build of a water buffalo. Adorned with golden sharp teeth and large bat wings capable of obscuring the moon, His roar and voice can kill and he can also turn people and creatures to stone

RABOT - renowned as the ultimate behemoth in Ibalong—an immense, bipedal entity. His upper physique embodies unparalleled human-like might, while his lower anatomy reflects the sturdy frame of a water buffalo. Arrayed with glistening, razor-sharp teeth of gold and expansive bat wings that have the power to shroud the moon, Rabot possesses a roar and voice so lethal they can induce demise. Furthermore, his ability to petrify individuals and creatures adds an ominous dimension to his already formidable presence.

RABOT - Powerful beast. a powerful creature with a body that was half-human and half-beast. His upper body was muscular like a man, but his lower body resembled that of a water buffalo or some say a horse, similar to a tikbalang, with a human face. Rabot had golden sharp teeth and the ability to turn people into stone. He possessed immense strength and speed, akin to the beasts of the forest. His voice roared loudly, and he had huge bat wings that seemed to cover the moon when he flew at night. He is known as the last monster in Ibalong

Rabot - Rabot a ferocious half-human half-monster that could turn people into the rock by magic. Rabot is described as ugly, a liar, and had a loud voice. Bantong slew the monster using his bolo

BANOG - The Banog is a flying monster in Bicolano mythology. It is said to be in the shape of a thin body but strong monstrous man with huge wings. Some stories depict it as a scary humanoid with wings. Oryol enchanted the Banog using her voice and commanded the Banog to fly and kill the Princess Masaraga When they were high enough the Banog dropped Masaraga. The ground where Masaraga fell to her death Mount Masaraga appeared

BANOG

TAMBALULUS - an awkward, wrinkled, black creature, it had long, thin legs, hooves and big joints. It had a mane like that of a horse that went down from the head to buttocks. Its wide protruding lips covered its face when it laughed. It got its name from the huge, wrinkled penis and loose-bagged testicles which dangled to the ground.

TAMBALOSLOS - The Tambalulos or tambaloslos is a creature in Bicolano myths and lore. It is the ugly embodiment of man's lust. It is said to be dark, ugly and scary with big mouth and lips, and a huge penis. Stories say that the tambaloslos waits for his victims, or sometimes makes people loose their way so he could trap them. Once trapped the tambaloslos would do perverse things with his vicitm. Raping it until he is satisfied. According Bicolano lore, the tambaloslos raped all things that got lost in its forest, men, women and even chicken and pigs, Gugurang angered by the perverse ways of tambaloslos cursed him that his balls and penis would grow big so that it could not fit into any hole. But the punishement did not stop the tambaloslos, scary tales still linger that it waits for its vicitms in dark parts of the forests

Tambaloslos - Tambalulos, a creature entrenched in Bicolano myths, embodies the unsavory aspects of human lust. Described as dark, ugly, and fearsome, with a large mouth, lips, and an imposing physique, this entity is said to lurk in the shadows. Stories tell of the Tambaloslos patiently awaiting victims or leading wanderers astray to ensnare them. Once trapped, it engages in perverse acts, subjecting its victims to violation until its desires are satisfied. According to Bicolano lore, the Tambaloslos, dwelling in the forest, preyed on lost souls—men, women, and even animals like chickens and pigs. Gugurang, appalled by its perverse ways, invoked a curse causing the creature's genitalia to grotesquely enlarge, preventing it from fitting into any opening. Despite this punishment, chilling tales persist, suggesting that the Tambaloslos still haunts the dark recesses of the forests, patiently waiting for unsuspecting victims.

BANOG - a legendary creature from Bicolano mythology, takes the form of a formidable and slender humanoid adorned with colossal wings. In some tales, it is portrayed as a menacing figure with wings, evoking fear and awe. Oryol, a mystical entity, bewitched the Banog with her enchanting voice, compelling the creature to soar through the skies and carry out a sinister task – the demise of Princess Masaraga.

BANOG

As the Banog ascended to great heights, Oryol's dark command manifested, and the creature callously released Princess Masaraga into the abyss below. The moment of her fall marked the genesis of a somber landmark, Mount Masaraga, forever bearing witness to the tragic tale of the Banog's flight and the princess's untimely demise

PATING NA PAK-PAKAN - Pating nga Pakpakan, also known as the Triburon or tiburon —a winged shark armed with razor-sharp teeth that skillfully encircles its prey from the skies. In the epic tale of Ibalon, this formidable creature met its demise at the hands of the warrior-hero Handyong.

ONGLO - a hominoid with long, straight black hair covering its entire body; it had long, pointed ears and claws, and looked really ugly. Brushing against the Onglo would produce severe allergy. The remedy would be to whip the affected body parts with a woman’s long hair. ONGLO - hominoid adorned with an extensive coat of long, straight black hair enveloping its entire form. Boasting long, pointed ears and formidable claws, Onglo's aesthetic appeal was decidedly lacking. A mere brush against this creature could induce a severe allergic reaction. To counteract the effects, a remedy was prescribed—whipping the affected body parts with the length of a woman's hair.

Katambay - are benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between Gugurang and the humans. Other roles of katambay include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out tasks on behalf of Gugurang. Bikolano's believe that a katambay is that is assigned to protect and guide a particular person, family or group. They can be invoked in time of need.

Katambay - Guardian spirits

KATAMBAY - are benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between Gugurang and the humans. Other roles of katambay include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out tasks on behalf of Gugurang. Bikolano's believe that a katambay is that is assigned to protect and guide a particular person, family or group. They can be invoked in time of need.

KATAMBAY - guardian spirit that protects men in time of need. Semidivine being that is said to aid men when they pray to the gods and to him for help. Depicted as a tall muscular man with long black hair wearing a ''pudong'' (crown or headband or diadem depending on the stories) and clad in gold. He acts like a ''guardian angel'' againts evil.

KATAMBAY – (Bicol) A term used to by the early people of Bicol to refer to guardian anito.

Katambay - a type of guardian spirit similar to guardian angels (like how it’s written in the text) and the umalagad of the Bisayans

Katambay - a type of guardian spirit similar to guardian angels and the umalagad of the Bisayans

Katambang - a cadre of half-man half-bird creatures (Garuda/Katambang) that are strong and are capable of flight. That they would swoop and catch evi humans and monsters, but upon touching fresh waters they turn into attractive men with muscular bodies. Other stories tell that these emissaries of Gugurang are monster that have the body of a muscular man and a face of an eagle and hands with sharp talons, thses creature have arms that turn into wings when pursuing its prey.

Buwaya - Buwaya in Ibalong and Bicol mythology, the giant smart corcodiles monsters and the humaoid crocodile men. The giant crocodiles were vicious and infested the rivers lakes and seas of Ibalong but when the Moon god Bulan descended to bathe in the waters of Ibalong some of them became tame when they saw his luminous countenace. Some of the giant crocodiles and the humanoid crocodiles were Slain by the Hero Handiong with the help of the demi goddess Oryol used her magical voice to lure and kill most of them, which turned the rivers red with blood. The survivors, along with Sarimao, were banished and sealed in Mount Kulasi.

BUWAYA - strong and vicious reptilian-like creatures (resembling crocodiles) of water, they can transform into humanoid bipedal beings when out of the water. They were believed to have infested the waters of Ibalong until the god Bulan descended and tamed most of them, and until the great hero of Ibalong purged the land and seas of their race according to legend the hero along with his men and with Oryol's help slaughtered most of the Buwaya to make way for their new colony in Ibalong.

Giant crocodile: Also called buaya, Handyong defeated the giant crocodiles in combat. Handyong was assisted by Oryol in killing many of them, which lead tinged the Bicol River red with blood. The survivors were banished, along with Sarimao, to Mount Kulasi.

Sarimaw - A Strong beast, The warriors of Ibalong joined forces attacked the Sarimao and drove away the giant Sarimaw (they drove it to mount Kulasi)

SARIMAW

Sarimaw - A formidable creature, the warriors of Ibalong united to confront and drive away the giant Sarimaw, directing it to Mount Kulasi. Sarimao, described as avenging monsters, were known for their brutal fierceness and pursuit of evildoers. Led by Handyong, the Sarimao were ultimately exiled to Mount Kulasi as a consequence of their destructive actions against those with hidden guilt, unable to face justice. Sarimaw is depicted as a beast resembling a mixture of a lion and boar with horns.

SARIMAW

Sarimaw - A Strong beast, The warriors of Ibalong joined forces attacked the Sarimao and drove away the giant Sarimaw (they drove it to mount Kulasi)

Sarimao: The sarimao were avenging monsters that were brutally fierce, ugly, and ruinous. They went after evildoers, usually to those with hidden guilt, who could not be brought to justice. Handyong exiled the Sarimao to Mount Kulasi. Their human equivalents are believed to be those who take the law into their own hands, who have suffered injustice

SARIMAW - A beast that is describes as a mixture of Lion and boar with horns

SARIMAO – Avenging monsters in the Ibalong Epic, Sarimao target evildoers, appearing ugly and ruinous.

SANTELMO - In Philippine mythology, particularly in Tagalog and Visayan folklore, Santelmo (or Santilmo) is a ball off fire believed to be the spirit of a person who has passed away near a river, lake, ocean, or during heavy rains. This departed soul manifests itself as a glowing ball of fire. Some legends suggest that Santelmo seeks revenge on those who may have wronged the person in life, while others believe the spirit is simply searching for peace. In Bicol they have a similar entity called Lucab

LUKAB - In Bicolano mythology, Lucab or Lukab is a blue ball of fire similar to Santelmo. Unlike Santelmo, LUCAB is often described as a blue-colored flame or a chilling, ghostly fire. This mystical phenomenon appears as a ball of fire in fields and swamps, particularly near bodies of water. LUCAB is known to bounce and float away, and it is considered risky for fishermen as it attempts to set sails on fire and pose a threat of drowning to those at sea.

LUKAB - In Bicolano folklore, Lukab or Lucab is a blue ball of fire, resembling Santelmo. However, Lucab stands out as it is often depicted with a blue-colored flame, giving off an eerie and ghostly glow. This mysterious occurrence takes the form of a floating ball of fire found in fields and swamps, especially near bodies of water. Lucab is known to bounce and drift away.

ASWANG - Aswangs In Bicol mythology originating from the underworld called Gagamban(Underworld/lower world)g or transformed mortal humans given dark gifts (black pearl or stone that turns into black chick or birds) by the deity, navigate the night with supernatural abilities, emphasizing their insatiable need for human flesh, blood, or entrails. As the sovereign of monsters, Asuang commands a legion of creatures collectively known as "aswang," that he send to scatter to the Visayas region. symbolizing fear and darkness in Filipino folklore.

flesh-eating, blood-drinking, and viscera-eating shapeshifters. They are minions of the god of evil and chaos Asuang. they are many and comes in different forms and sizes (some change to wereboars, weredogs, werecats ect) with things in common that they are loyal to their lord and sovereign Asuang, they also venerate the celestial god Bulan for he a friend of Asuang. Thus Asuangs come out at night and are more jubilant during the full moon remembering their sacred pact to honor the gods Bulan and Asuang.

Angongolood - creatures that dwell along the murky riversides, the Angongolood were grotesque apes, lurking in the shadows. Their dreadful presence brought an ominous fate to those unfortunate enough to encounter them, as they possessed the ability to transform their victims into trees with a sudden and constricting embrace.

Angongolood: The Angongolood lurked along shadowy riversides. They were hideous apes that transformed their victims into trees surprising them in a tight embrace

ANGONGOLOOD - looks like a Kabalang (gorilla), it inhabited the swamps and riverbanks. It was a hairy, ugly homanoid that waited for fishermen and boaters at the mouth of rivers. It surprised its victim by hugging it and turning its prey into a tree.

POPO - a cruel creature from Gagamban. It had evil eyes with its debilitating effect. It was a hot-tempered and vengeful monster, its grunt resembles that of a pig. A child touched on the head by the Popo’ would grow weaker and weaker until the child dies.

POPO - heartless creature originating from Gagamban or underworld. Its malevolence is conveyed through its ominous eyes, carrying a debilitating effect. This vengeful and irritable monster emits grunts akin to a pig. The touch of the Popo on a child's head brings an ominous fate, causing the child to steadily weaken until succumbing to death.

ENGKANTOS – Enchanted creatures inhabiting the world, Engkantos(Tamawo,Dalakitnon) Belived ti have come from Visayan parts of the Philippines.

BUWAYA - tribe of Crocodile men that can transform into Huge Crocodiles. Also called buaya, Handyong defeated the giant crocodiles in combat. Handyong was assisted by Oryol in killing many of them, which lead tinged the Bicol River red with blood. The survivors were banished, along with Sarimao, to Mount Kulasi.

BONGGO - the most feared minister of Aswang. It has sunken eyes that flashed fire. It was a ferocious, large, muscular black humanoid. It has long, black hair, ugly hairy face and with sharp claws. It was vengeful and utterly cruel.

BONGGO

BONGO - Bonggo, the dreaded minister of the deity Aswang, instilled fear with its fiery, sunken eyes. This formidable being was a massive, muscular black humanoid, adorned with long, black hair and a repulsively hairy face. Armed with razor-sharp claws, Bonggo embodied ferocity and cruelty, displaying vengeful tendencies that struck terror into the hearts of those who encountered it.

BONGGO – Bonggo is a humanoid monster with eyes that emit fire, capable of burning everything in its sight. It avoids crossing rivers since contact with water extinguishes its fiery gaze, leading to its demise. Bonggo is often in search of its wife, the aswang, who left it, and its victims are primarily women.

BONGO - Bonggo, the dreaded minister of Aswang, struck fear into the hearts of all. Its sunken eyes emitted fiery flashes, creating an ominous aura. This ferocious entity stood as a large, muscular black humanoid with long, black hair and a visage adorned with ugly hair. Its sharp claws were formidable weapons, and a vengeful and cruel demeanor characterized Bonggo's every move.

BONGO

SARIMAO – Avenging monsters in the Ibalong Epic, Sarimao target evildoers, appearing ugly and ruinous.

TIKBALANG – A tall, thin creature, half-human and half-horse, with bony limbs, clawed feet, and long hair. Known for leading people astray in the forest.

KOROKORO The bird-messenger, sometimes black, sometimes brown; if heard at night, people fear that Aswang is around and ready to suck the blood and devour the entrails of sick persons or of babies. It also announces the impending death of a person, if the warbling is followed with the muffled sound of an approaching storm. Any place inhabited by a Korokoro is said to have a resident aswang in its locality.

KOROKORO the avian messenger, whose feathers shift between shades of black and brown. When its nocturnal call echoes, anxiety fills the air, signaling the possible presence of Aswang. In the stillness of the night, people dread the thought of Aswang, notorious for extracting blood and feasting on the entrails of the ailing or infants. Moreover, Korokoro's melodic warble, coupled with the muted rumble of an approaching storm, forewarns of an impending demise. Legend has it that wherever Korokoro resides, an Aswang lurks in the vicinity.

DWENDE – Dwendes are short, long-bearded old men dwelling in mounds resembling ant hills.

LAMBANA -Lambana are small fairies in Philippine and Bicol mythology, standing a few inches to a foot tall, with delicate builds, translucent wings like butterflies, and nature-inspired attire. They possess a magical glow, can change size, and are associated with Batala and Katambay in Bicolano Mythology. In Tagalog Mythology, lambana are winged beings synchronized with Diwata, radiating a glow, assisting good-hearted individuals, and sometimes transforming into monsters if a Diwata experiences heartbreak. They appear in contemporary Filipino shows, showcasing both their beauty and darker tales. The reminder emphasizes the dynamic and evolving nature of Philippine mythology, distinct from standardized Western mythologies.

Lambana - -Lambana are small fairies with delicate builds, translucent wings like butterflies,possess a magical glow, can change size or turn humalike

lambana - small humanoid winged creatures, beautiful but vicous with sharp teeth

BONḠAN – Demonic dwarves and malignant spirits of the early Bicolanos.

TUPONG-TUPONG - An ugly hominoid that could be as tall as a tree when it chanced to stand beside one or as short and puffed up when beside a child or any short object. It could hide anywhere and took the height and size of whatever object or structure it chooses. It was the bogey plastic creature of the ancient Bikol world. KIKIK was a nocturnal bird of ill-omen (paligsok). Its call signified the death of a person in a tribe. Some even suspected that a Kikik was Aswang disguised as a bird. When heard at night, people would cower for fear and invoke the protection of the Anitos or of Gugurang.

BURINGCANTADA - Buringcantada is a giant with one eye in the middle of his forehead and with two long tusks that projected from the sides of his mouth

BURING was a monster with one eye and three throats, it howled in three different tones, it lived in the swamps of Ponong. Its body was covered with black, sharp hair that was unbearably itchy when touched. It has sharp claws and sharp teeth.

BUGSOK – Dark fairies, half-human half engkanto.

DIDIT – Didit, an earth cricket, chirps at night, symbolizing the death of a relative.

IBINGAN - huge red serpent with multiple fins and horns.

IBINGAN - A huge serpent with red scales. Turns multi colored when it is calm, turns red when angry and about to attack

IBINGAN - a multi-horned red serpent, with a fin on its head and back. It spitted poison when angry but whistled beautifully when happy. It perched on top of rocks close to the mouth of caves where the deadly mermaids dwell, and protected them from harm. It crushed its victim from sheer weight of impact.

KABALAN – Horse-like creatures

KABALAN - Gorilla

KADU-KADU – A small creature with pointed ears, Kadu-kadu possesses a larger upper body than the lower part.

KIKIK – The kikik, believed to be an aswang's emissary, produces distinct sounds, indicating the presence of an aswang. Some perceive it as a large owl or a bat with exceptional vision.

KUDO-KUDO – Kudo-kudo, an unseen creature accompanied by mosquitoes, frequents kitchens, consuming salt. It dwells in dark, damp spaces and can harm people when hurt.

KURAKPAO – An untidy creature with thick, disheveled hair and big, piercing eyes, Kurakpao carries a bat-shaped piece of wood and is ready to attack.

LAKI - A Laki is a creature with an upper body that resembles that of a human. It boasts a well-defined chest, muscular arms, and a human-like, albeit ugly, face. The lower body of the Laki is distinctly goat-like, characterized by hooved legs and a fur-covered hindquarter

LAQUI - is a type of Asuang that are once Yasaw who have tasted human blood. The once playful pranksters will become flesh eating monsters once they taste human blood.

LAKI - a monster that Yasaw would turn into, when punished by Aswang for its lazyness in scaring people. It has hooves and skin like those of a goat and the ugly face of a human being. It appeared at night and surprised night travelers with its shrill, piercing sound, but it was incapable of killing people.

Laqui (Laki)

LAYUG/LAYAP – Layug or Layap can transform into a flying or disappearing creature at will.

MAMBABARANG – A witch who inflicts harm using insects and spirits, Mambabarangs use black magic to torment and eventually kill victims by infesting their bodies.

MANANGILAW or MANANG HILAW – Hairy humanoid giants residing in mountains and caves described with big feet, covered in black hair, and using vines to catch fish.

MANONOPSOP – A witch with a long, sucking tongue that extends meters, Manonopsop drains the blood of sleeping victims, especially pregnant women.

ONGLO – A small, hairy creature causing itching when touched. Onglo, with a man's upper body and horse's lower body, feeds on sun-dried food.

PATYANAK - a fusion of an untimely discharged human foetus and a tiny black bird. Fully grown, it has big round ears and a completely bald head, Its mournful wailing resembled that of an infant, if heard at night by a conceiving woman it would cause a miscarriage.

PATYANAK - Patyanak, a frightening entity, is a fusion of an untimely discharged human fetus and a tiny black bird. Upon reaching maturity, it exhibits distinctive features such as large round ears and a completely bald head. Its eerie, mournful wailing closely resembles that of an infant, and if heard during the night by a pregnant woman, it is believed to induce a miscarriage.

PANTIYANAK – The spirit of an aborted baby, the Pantiyanak seeks revenge on its mother. In its true form, it devours humans rapidly, resembling an old man with sharp, protruding teeth.

PONGO – An ape-like creature resembling an orangutan but larger.

POPO – A tall, slender creature with a pig-like snort, Popo drains energy from humans and animals using its eyes.

TAGO-NGIRIT – A creature half-hidden behind trees, Tago-ngirit wears a big smile, feared by children playing hide and seek.

TAMBALUSLOS – A humanoid creature with pig penis, Tambaluslos chases people in the woods, finding hilarity in victims who wear clothes upside-down.

TIKTIK OR WAKWAK – Birds and pets of the aswang, Tik-tik and Wak-wak announce the coming of their master at night.

TINGOHAN – A creature with big, sharp teeth that stays in the dark, causing fear among children playing hide and seek at night.

TUPONG-TUPONG – A humanoid creature capable of stretching its body to varying heights.

UNGMANAN – An unseen dweller of nature, Ungmanan causes sickness to those disrespecting nature, requiring healing rituals.

YASAW - creature that hid under the shadow of trees during moonlit nights. It delighted itself by scaring people. Should it be seen and at the same time a cry resembling that of an infant was heard or imagined, then somebody was going to die soon, for an Aswang was on the prowl.

YASAW - Yasaw, mischievous creatures Resembling dark-skinned small children, the Yasaw are known for their playful nature and love for pranks. Despite their mischief, they do not harm humans but rather aim to create fear and amusement. In Bicol mythology it is a creature favoired by Asuang. A misunderstanding between Gugurang and a Yasaw leads to divine retribution and intensifies Asuang's anger. The Yasaw's playful pranks unravel within the mythical realm of Ibalong, showcasing their distinctive role in the pre-colonial folklore of Bicol.

The Bicolano pantheon and mythology offer a captivating journey into a world where the natural and the supernatural coalesce. Gugurang, Asuang, Handiong, and a multitude of deities and creatures shape the Bicolano cultural identity, influencing daily life, rituals, and artistic expressions. As guardians of this rich heritage, the Bicolano people continue to navigate the delicate balance between tradition and the evolving landscape of the modern world, ensuring that their mythology remains a source of inspiration for generations to come.

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