In Philippine mythology, Engkanto is a mythical creature known by various names and forms. This discussion will focus on the elf-like category of Engkanto, which includes Tamawo, Dalaketnon,Wenri-Wenri,Aghoy and others. Engkanto are mythical beings primarily found in the Visayas region. The influence of Spanish colonization led to the grouping of various mythical creatures under the term "Engkanto," despite their unique characteristics. This diversity in names and features highlights the complexity and evolution of Philippine folklore.
Engkanto, derived from the Spanish word "encanto" meaning 'enchantment,' refers to mythical environmental spirits or elf-like creatures with the ability to appear in human form.
In simpler terms, Engkanto is a broad term for enchanting, human-like beings of the land, known for their attractiveness and often carrying the scent of flowers, lacking a philtrum.
In Philippine lore and mythology, the main stories originate from the Visayas region and spread to Bicol. It is believed that there is a race of mythical creatures later called "Engkanto" due to Spanish colonization. These creatures are comparable to their western counterparts, the Germanic Elves, with Tamawo and Dalakitnon specifically considered as Engkanto in this context.
In the Bikol region, people strongly believe that all Engkanto (engkantada, engkanto) did not originate from Bicol but rather from the Visayan islands, specifically the Tamawo and Dalakitnon. The influence of Spanish colonization led to the generalization of these creatures under the term "Engkanto," even though they have differences among them.
Engkanto and Variations Across Regions:
aghoy — (Waray),dalakitnon(Waray) dayamdam —( Agusanon) engkantada, engkanto — (Bikol, Sugbuhanon, and other Hispanized groups )kamanati-daplak — (Zambali) kiba-an — (Iloko) palasekan — (Ilongot),ragit-ragit — (Romblomanon), tamawo — (Hiligaynon)tirtiris — (Iloko), wenri-wenri — (Romblomanon)
Aghoy
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| Aghoy |
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| Aghoy |
Wenri-Wenri
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| Wenri-Wenri (Wenri wenri) |
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| Wenri wenri |
Dalaketnon
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| Dalakitnon |
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| Dalaketnon |
Tamawo
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| Tamawo |
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| Tamawo |
Physical Traits and Abduction Tales:
Described as elf-like beings, Engkantos are portrayed as highly attactive human-like creatures with pointy ears,fair complexions for males and golden-brown skin for females. most notable is that their lack philtrum. Intriguingly, numerous tales depict their penchant for kidnapping humans, especially those they are smitten with, and bringing them into their mystical realm. These narratives, prevalent across the archipelago, often involve the abduction of women and contribute to the mystical aura surrounding Engkantos.
Sexual dimorphism
Other variants exhibit sexual dimorphism such as Bagobo spirits which are separated into the female tahamaling and the male mahomanay. The female spirit is alleged to have red complexion while the male have a fair complexion. The Dalaketnon males have very fair skin and black hair while the females have golden-brown skin and dark brown hair.
The Tamawo with albino like features pale skin, white or light golden hair but can not produce females.
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| Tahamaling (Female) Mahomanay (Male) |
Tales of Abduction
Prevalent and reaccuring themes in stories involving Engkanto such as Tamawo and Dalakitnon are the kidnapping of young women. The tales often share the same theme that a male Encanto smitten with a mortal would stalk and entice her to his realm. In the case of the Tamawo they need women to procreate since lore says they are not able to reproduce females. In the stories regarding Dalaketnon they would either marry or enslave the human.
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Confusion with Tamawo and Dalaketnon:
Tamawo and Dalaketnon are two different types of Engkanto sharing very similar characteristics.Because they fall under the same umbrella term Encanto The confusion between Tamawo and Dalaketnon, two distinct mythical races, reflects the evolving nature of folklore. Both believed to have leaf-shaped pointy ears and other similar features, the mixing of these creatures in contemporary storytelling suggests a blending of their characteristics over time.
Black Rice and Violet Rice Beliefs:
One intriguing aspect of Engkanto folklore involves the offering of black or violet rice to abducted mortals. The belief that accepting and consuming this rice signifies an agreement to become the spouse of the Dalaketnon adds a layer of complexity to the tales, emphasizing the mystical nature of these mythical beings.
Confusion with the diwata and Spanish Influence:
Unlike the diwata (gods and goddesses) the Engkanto (specifically the Tamawo) were not worshiped by the settlers of various regions and colonies but were merely respected, The Spanish colonizers believing that the respect given by the people to these creatures were some sort of pagan worship, the Spanish thought that the diwata were generally female and the Tamawo were generally male (since the Spanish language has grammatical gender unlike the Visayan, and Tagalog language that is gender neutral)
Male Engkanto as a Metaphor for Rape:
A controversial interpretation of Engkanto tales suggests a metaphorical representation of rape and abuse. Jesuit Francisco Demetrio theorized that fair-skinned Engkantos could be metaphors for Spanish friars who abducted and abused Filipina women. This interpretation invites a critical examination of cultural narratives and the potential allegorical layers within folklore.
TWO OF MANY ELVEN-LIKE VARIANT OF ENGKANTO
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| Tamawo |
TAMAWO
Tamao (is a variant of Ecanto) often called Encanto is a mythological creature of Philippine mythology. Most these beings are believed to be malevolent, yet possess an extraordinary and handsome appearance reminiscent of albinos. They exhibit very pale to white skin that sparkles under direct sunlight, along with light-colored hair and fangs. Tamawo may have distinctive features, including pointy, leaf-shaped ears, high-bridged noses, fair skin, and a lack of a philtrum. They are commonly found residing near the sea or any body of water.
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| tamawo |
The Tamawo are often a subject of both fascination and fear. According to Philippine lore, this type of creature exhibits sexual dimorphism, and that their race is mostly composed of males. They are believed to be clad in gold and wears putong(crown) and bahag(g-string) like the nobles of pre-colonial Visayas. They are said to be extremely alluring for they are mostly pictured as non-muscular beautiful men having pale colored eyes, fair complexion, and pale or golden hair. They may have unusual features such as high-bridged noses, fair skin, and no philtrum. They are also known to be taller than human beings. Their notable trait is Some say they have leaf-shaped ears and that they sparkle under direct sunlight or grow sharp teeth and golden claws when threatened.
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Confusion with the diwata
Unlike the diwata (gods and goddesses) the Tamawo were not worshipped by the settlers of various regions and colonies but were merely respected, The Spanish colonisers believing that the respect given by the people to these creatures were some sort of pagan worship, the Spanish thought that the diwata were generally female and the Tamawo were generally male (since the Spanish language has grammatical gender unlike the Visayan, and Tagalog language that is gender neutral)
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| tamawo |
The Belittling of Tamawo and Spanish Influence:
Stories that portray Tamawo as little albino dwarves instead of tall and regal beings can be traced back to the influence of Spanish colonization. The Spaniards, in their effort to convert pagans, employed a demonization tactic, branding indigenous deities and spritis as unworthy of worship, were either demonized or demoted. The Diwata from gods to mear fairies or dryads, and the elf-like Tamawo as dwarves. Tamawo faced additional insult as they were belittled further in this process thus resulting to the Albino dwarves stories
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| Tamawo as portayed in popular media |
Stories of love and abduction
Many stories about these fair mythical creatures have been told and passed down, especially in the Visayas area and predominantly in Ilo-ilo, Most of the stories have the same theme, love and abduction. Love between this fair male Tamawo and a human girl, who he will abduct to be his bride, on the darker side of these tales some stories say that they abduct women because their race cannot reproduce females, therefore they continuously need to abduct human females to be the bearer of their seed, for their race to continue. In some stories love is posion to their kind, the Tamawo's handsome and attractive features would fade if he would fall in love with a mortal, his pale fin skin would darken and wrinkle, his sharp fangs and golden claws would wither and eventually the Tamawo would die.
Many stories about these fair mythical creatures have been told and passed down, especially in the Visayas area and predominantly in Ilo-ilo, Most of the stories have the same theme, love and abduction. Love between this fair male Tamawo and a human girl, who he will abduct to be his bride, on the darker side of these tales some stories say that they abduct women because their race cannot reproduce females, therefore they continuously need to abduct human females to be the bearer of their seed, for their race to continue. In some stories love is posion to their kind, the Tamawo's handsome and attractive features would fade if he would fall in love with a mortal, his pale fin skin would darken and wrinkle, his sharp fangs and golden claws would wither and eventually the Tamawo would die.
DALAKETNON
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| DALAKITNON |
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| Dalaketnon |
DALAKITNON
The Dalaketnon also elf-like beings is a variant of Engkanto, Generally they are also just called Encanto Like the Tamawo the people of Ibalong strongly believed that the Dalakitnon also came from Visayas. Dalaketnon was formerly known as Dakitnon (from the tree of Dakit) sometimes called Encanto or Dalakitnon. The Dalaketnon are a race of elven type beings in Philippine mythology. Males have pale skin extremely dark hair while the females have Brozed skin and dark brown hair. Often portrayed as evil in stories because they entice and abduct people.In modern stories they are often depicted as extremely good looking pale creatures that are dressed in regalia like principalÃa or noble class (was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the pueblos of Spanish occupied Philippines) hosting grand feast or dinner tempting humans to partake in the food, and once a human eats the food they will be trapped or enslaved in the other world.
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In both Visayans and Ibalong they were believed to be handsome and beautiful creatures that resemble nobles and monarchs of the Pre-Hispanic Philippines but unlike the Tamawo they wore Silver jewellery, They dwell on Dalakit trees (Balete, Dakit) hence the name Dalakitnon which literally means ''From the Dalakit or Dakit tree'' but in a sense that the tree was a portal or a gateway to their own realms. according to local lore, they are beautiful ''enchanted race'' having attractive features, These mythological race exhibits sexual dimorphism the men having light colored skin and very dark hair and women having bronze-brown skin and brown hair. Stories say that they have leaf-shaped pointy ears.In modern stories they are often depicted as extremely good looking pale creatures that are dressed in regalia like principalÃa or noble class (was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the pueblos of Spanish occupied Philippines) hosting grand feast or dinner tempting humans to partake in the food, and once a human eats the food they will be trapped or enslaved in the other world.
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| Dalaketnon |
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Dalaketnon |
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| Dalaketnon ( Male) |
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| Dalaketnon (Female) |
Dalaketnon as portayed in popular media
In modern portrayals on television and in media, Dalaketnon beings are often depicted as Very pale gothic-like, tall, handsome males and beautiful females. They are known to dress in a fashionable manner and reside in mansion-like homes reminiscent of haunted houses, attempting to integrate with mortal society. Some believe that the only way to access their dwelling, Dalaket, is by entering Dalaket trees. These creatures are said to abduct people, bringing them to their world, where they hold feasts for their victims. During these feasts, they compel the captives to eat Black Rice, placing them under their spell and making them their prisoners.
DALAKETNON IN MODERN FOLKLORE
In contemporary folklore and urban legends, Dalaketnon are frequently portrayed as strikingly attractive, pale beings adorned in regal attire reminiscent of the principalÃa or noble class of the Spanish-occupied Philippines. They are notorious for hosting lavish feasts or dinners, enticing humans to partake in their food. Once a human consumes their food, they become ensnared or enslaved in the otherworldly realm. Dalaketnons were renowned for their beauty and elitism, possessing abilities such as telekinesis and corporeal duplication, allowing them to generate tangible, living copies of themselves endlessly. The manifestation of their powers is marked by their hair and eyes turning white.
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| Dalaketnon as portrayed in popular media |
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| DALAKETNON |
Confusion with the Tamawo
The Tamawo are also a race of Elven-like race that are present in the oral stories of Philippines mythology, Since the continuous evolution of the Filipino language and the continuous disinterest of the younger generation of the stories and legends, the new generation had these creatures mixed or switched since they have very similar characteristics they are just both called ''Encanto''. The Dalaketnon's like the Tamawo are both believed to have leaf-shaped pointy ears and both males of these races have very light colored skin, but the Tamawo's skin is said to be extremely white and sparkles under direct sunlight, while the male Dalaketnon only have light skin color and does not sparkle under sunlight. They also have different hair color, the Dalaketnon's are known for having very dark hair, while the Tamawo are known for having fair hair and albino-like features. Also the Dalaketnon's have females (Dalakenton women have bronze-brown skin and brown hair) meanwhile the Tamawo were believed not being capable to produce a female of their kind (they breed with human females) and lastly the Dalaketnon are known to reside inside Dakit trees or Balete trees while the Tamawo were believed to reside near bodies of water.
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| Dalaketnon (female) |
Black rice, Violet rice
The popular belief that when a mortal is abducted by a Dalaketnon he or she is presented a feast of luxuriant and decadent foods and is offered black rice or violet rice if the mortal accepts the rice and eats it, it means he or she agrees to be the spouse of the Dalaketnon.
Tawong Lipod of Bicol mythology
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| Tawong Lipod |
TAWONG LIPOD - as a general term for invisible mythological creatures like fairies, nymphs, giants, elves, etc.
Tawong Lipod, originating from Bicol myths folklore, once referred to invisible wind people associated with clouds and waters, initially considered as female spirits in Bicolano culture. Over time, their identity evolved, encompassing both benevolent traits like nymphs and malevolent aspects such as dark shadows and malevolent elves. In modern times, they are sync and commonly known as Engkanto in NCR, but their portrayal has shifted from graceful spirits controlling winds to malevolent entities causing harm and sickness. Various horror stories depict them as dreadful creatures.
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| Tawong lipod |
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| Tawong Lipod |
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| Tawong Lipod |
MGA LALAKING ENGKANTO
The Abduction Tales of Engkanto: Metaphors for Rape?
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The abduction tales of Engkanto in Philippine mythology carry an unsettling undertone, with some interpretations suggesting a metaphorical representation of rape. Engkanto, described as elf-like beings in these stories, are often depicted as tall and fair with distinctive pointy, leaf-shaped ears.
Tamawo and Dalaketnon, specific types of Engkanto, are frequently associated with narratives involving the kidnapping of women. These mythical beings are portrayed as having a penchant for abducting humans they are smitten with, taking them into their otherworldly realm. The accounts of such abductions are not confined to remote regions but persist across the entire archipelago, even extending into urban areas.
The unsettling nature of these tales raises questions about their cultural implications and the possible symbolic meaning behind the abduction narratives. One notable interpretation comes from Jesuit Francisco Demetrio, who proposed that the fair-skinned Engkantos may serve as metaphors for Spanish friars. According to Demetrio's theory, these mythical beings could symbolize the historical reality of Spanish friars abducting and abusing Filipina women during the colonial period.
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| Tamawo |
plausible reality behind the symbolic tales of the Engkanto abducting people:
The intertwining of mythical narratives, such as those involving Engkanto in Philippine folklore, with historical events is a fascinating perspective that reflects the complexity of cultural storytelling. The idea that these tales of abduction may have roots in historical realities, such as the colonial period and the actions of Spanish friars, adds layers of interpretation to the cultural significance of these stories.
The notion that mythical beings like Tamawo and Dalaketnon could symbolize the historical abduction and abuse of Filipina women by Spanish friars is an interesting theory proposed by Demetrio. This perspective highlights how folklore can serve as a medium to express and process historical traumas or societal challenges. It suggests that the stories of Engkanto kidnappings might not only be fantastical tales but also symbolic representations of past injustices or abuses.
The fusion of different elements, such as the similarity to Visayan raiders' actions in history, adds a layer of cultural complexity to these narratives. It underscores the interconnectedness of folklore with historical events, suggesting that these myths may have evolved over time to encapsulate various societal experiences.
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| Tamawo |
It's essential to approach these interpretations with sensitivity, recognizing that folklore often serves multiple purposes, including entertainment, moral lessons, and cultural preservation. The blending of mythical tales with historical realities provides a rich context for understanding the depth of cultural narratives and their impact on societal perceptions.
In studying these narratives, researchers can explore how stories evolve and adapt over time, reflecting the cultural and historical contexts in which they exist. The amalgamation of myth and history in the case of Engkanto kidnapping stories in the Philippines offers a unique lens through which to explore the complexities of cultural identity and the enduring influence of historical events on storytelling.
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| Dalaketnon (male) |
Kidnapping Stories and Their Pervasiveness:
The abduction tales of Engkanto are not confined to remote regions but persist across the entire archipelago, permeating even urban areas. These stories tell of Engkantos being smitten with humans and subsequently abducting them, bringing the victims into their mystical realms. The pervasiveness of these narratives underscores their cultural significance, inviting scrutiny into the societal implications embedded within these mythical tales.
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Metaphor for Rape: Jesuit Francisco Demetrio's Theory:
Francisco Demetrio, a Jesuit scholar, introduced a thought-provoking theory regarding the abduction tales of Engkanto. He proposed that fair-skinned Engkantos might serve as metaphors for Spanish friars during the colonial period. According to Demetrio, these mythical beings could symbolize the historical reality of Spanish friars abducting and abusing Filipina women. This interpretation unveils a metaphorical layer within the Engkanto stories, suggesting a reflection of the power dynamics and historical traumas embedded in the cultural narrative.
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| Tamawo |
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| DALAKITNON |
Cultural Reflections and Symbolism:
The abduction tales of Engkanto, when viewed through the lens of metaphorical representation, become a mirror reflecting deeper cultural reflections. The mythical narratives not only entertain and captivate but also serve as a medium through which societal concerns find expression. The juxtaposition of enchanting beings with the darker subtext reveals the intricate layers of meaning and symbolism within Philippine mythology.
This metaphorical interpretation adds a layer of complexity to the Engkanto stories, inviting reflection on the cultural context in which these narratives emerged. It underscores the potential for folklore to serve as a medium through which societal concerns, traumas, and power dynamics find expression. The juxtaposition of enchanting mythical beings with a darker, metaphorical subtext creates a narrative space that resonates with historical experiences and societal struggles.
As we delve into the depths of Philippine mythology, the abduction tales of Engkanto serve as a mirror reflecting the complexities of the nation's history. These stories not only contribute to the rich tapestry of folklore but gives as symbollic meaning and deeper lessons it also prompt a deeper exploration of the cultural narratives that have shaped the collective consciousness of the Filipino people over time.
REMINDER
The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding, not for appropriation, commercial exploitation, or the promotion of foreigners and foreign products. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.
Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos.
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