Friday, February 16, 2024

THE SUN AND MOON ( MOON AND SUN DEITIES IN PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY)

 



The worship of the sun and the moon was a common phenomenon across various ancient civilizations. These celestial bodies held immense significance for early societies, influencing religious, cultural, and practical aspects of daily life

The Philippines is known for its diverse cultural and religious landscape, and the presence of multiple deities or spirits in Filipino folklore and mythology is a reflection of this diversity. The indigenous belief systems of the Philippines are animistic and polytheistic, meaning they involve a multitude of spirits, deities, and supernatural beings.

In essence, the presence of numerous deities in Filipino folklore and mythology is a result of the rich cultural diversity of the archipelago and the historical interplay between indigenous beliefs and external influences, including Hindu, Malay, and later, Spanish influences.


The Orally passed down Mythology concerming Sun and Moon gods

Philippine mythology is meant to be shared, not apporpriated or used to sell products and promote foreign products,start discort or harass people. Orally transmitted mythology changes over time. Unlike the standardized mythologies of the West and Europe. Philippine goverment has not issued standardized versions of stories and legends. Also mythology is symbolic not meant to betaken literally. remember some of these deities are still worshipped in present days by tribes 


SUN DEITIES PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY



Solar deities

The sun is a vital element for agriculture, providing light and warmth essential for plant growth. In agrarian societies, where livelihoods depended on successful harvests, the sun was seen as a life-giving force. The sun, with its radiant and powerful presence, was often associated with strength, power, and energy. These qualities were symbolically aligned with masculine attributes in many cultures, including the Philippines.

Depicting the sun deity with tan skin, muscular build, and strength may serve as a symbolic representation of the life-sustaining and powerful qualities attributed to the sun.

The Philippines, being a tropical country, experiences a significant amount of sunlight throughout the year. The intense sunlight may have influenced the cultural perception of the sun as a powerful and robust force.

Tan skin, in this context, could be a reflection of exposure to the sun, which is an everyday reality for people in tropical climates. Indigenous beliefs and folklore often influence the depictions of deities. Traditional narratives may emphasize the strength and resilience associated golden-brown skin with the sun as a revered deity.

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Moon gods Philippine mythology


Lunar deities

The moon's luminosity was seen as a source of light during the night, providing guidance and illumination in the darkness. In many cultures worldwide and in the Philippines, the moon is symbolically associated with feminine and androgynous qualities

As for the depiction of moon gods as comely and fair adolescent males in the Philippines, cultural variations play a role. The portrayal of deities often reflects cultural ideals and aesthetics. In some cultures, associating youthful and attractive characteristics with moon deities could represent concepts of beauty, purity, or renewal, aligning with the cyclical nature of the moon and its phases. Additionally, cultural influences and local beliefs contribute to the diverse representations of deities across different regions and civilizations. Tagalog people venerated the Moon and unlike the Visayans and other parts of the countries where the lunar deity was embodied by an adolescent boy,or a beautiful man, The Tagalogs depict the Moon as a beautiful maiden, Luminous and fair. Cloistered and hidden from the Sun thus having radiant fair skin. 


SUN DEITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

  • Init-init: the Itneg god of the Sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world
  • Chal-chal: the Bontok god of the Sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat;[aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
  • Mapatar: the Ifugao sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight
  • Sun God: the Ibaloi deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld
  • Elag: the Bugkalot deity of the Sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth
  • Apo Init: the Ilocano deity of the sun
  • Amman: the Ilocano god of the Sun, where the sun is his eye
  • Agueo: the morose and taciturn Pangasinense sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light
  • Algao: the Aeta Sun god who battled the giant turtle Bacobaco
  • Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the Kapampangan supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the Sun;in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens
  • Aring Sinukûan: the Kapampangan Sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war;lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form
  • Apolaki: the Tagalog god of sun and warriors;son of Anagolay and Dumakulem;sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime
  • Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked Tau-buid Mangyan deities, composed of two gods who come from the Sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates
  • Adlao: the Bicolano son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun;in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas
  • Unnamed God: a Bicolano Sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained
  • Sanghid: the Waray giant who wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the Sun
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied Bisaya son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the Sun
  • Adlaw: the Bisaya Sun deity worshiped by the good
  • Launsina: the Capiznon goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her
  • Magrakad: the Tagbanwa god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the Sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness
  • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset
  • Libtakan: the Manobo god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather
  • Unnamed Gods: the Bagobo gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the Sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow
  • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two T'boli supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe
  • Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of Teduray heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the Sun, and made the water into land and land into water
  • Sun Deity: the divine Maranao being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers


SUN DEITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

ARAO

ARAO - Araw the Tagalog Sun god

ARAO

Araw the Tagalog Sun god


APO INIT

APO INIT - the Ilocano Sun god Apo Init

APOINIT

APO INIT - the Ilocano Sun god Apo Init



ADLAO

ADLAO - Bicolano Sun deity Adlao



Aldao


ADLAO

ADLAO

ADLAO

LIADLAO 

LIADLAO -Visayan Sun god Liadlaw


Liadlaw


Liadlaw


AMMAN - Ilokano Sun god Amman

Ilokano Sun god Amman

Ilokano Sun god Amman




 MOON DEITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES





MOON GODS PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY


  • Kabigat (Bontok mythology): the goddess of the moon who cut off the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting
  • Bulan (Ifugao mythology): the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime
  • Moon Deity (Ibaloi mythology): the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse
  • Delan (Bugkalot mythology): deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth
  • Bulan (Ilocano mythology): the moon god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra
  • Bulan (Pangasinense mythology): the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves
  • Wife of Mangetchay (Kapampangan mythology): wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the Moon
  • Mayari (Kapampangan mythology): the moon goddess who battled her brother, Apolaqui
  • Apûng Malyari (Kapampangan mythology): moon god who lives in Mount Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers
  • Mayari (Tagalog mythology): goddess of the moon; sometimes identified as having one eye;ruler of the world during nighttime and daughter of Bathala
  • Dalagang nasa Buwan (Tagalog mythology): the maiden of the moon
  • Dalagang Binubukot (Tagalog mythology): the cloistered maiden in the moon
  • Unnamed Moon God (Tagalog mythology): the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse
  • Bulan-hari (Tagalog mythology): one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in
  • Bulan (Bicolano mythology): son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the Moon;n another myth, from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established. Turned the lovely maiden into Tacay flowers
  • Haliya (Bicolano mythology): the goddess of the moon,often depicted with a golden mask on her face
  • Libulan (Bisaya mythology): the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon
  • Bulan (Bisaya mythology): the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night
  • Launsina (Capiznon mythology): the goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her
  • Diwata na Magbabaya (Bukidnon mythology): simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the Earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, Moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting
  • Bulon La Mogoaw (T'boli mythology): one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe
  • Moon Deity (Maranao mythology): divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers



DALAGANG NASA BUWAN

DALAGANG NASA BUWAN - Tagalog Moon goddess Dalagang Nasa Buwan (Kulalaying,Buan)

DALAGANG NASA BUWAN

KULALAYING

Dalagang Nasa Buwan


DALAGANG BINUBUKOT

Dlagang Binubukot

Dalagang Binubukot


LIBULAN

LIBULAN - Visayan Moon god Libulan

Visayan Moon god Libulan


Visayan Moon god Libulan


Visayan Moon god Libulan


BULAN

BULAN - Visayan moon god Bulan

Visayan moon god Bulan



Visayan moon god Bulan




HALIYA

HALIYA - Bicolano goddess of the moon, goddess of Moonlight Haliya

Bicolano goddess of the moon, goddess of Moonlight Haliya
Haliya Masked goddess of the Moon and archenemy of Bakunawa

Bicolano goddess of the moon, goddess of Moonlight Haliya




Bicolano goddess of the moon, goddess of Moonlight Haliya

BULAN

BULAN - Bicolano Moon god Bulan

Bicolano Moon god Bulan

Bicolano Moon god Bulan


APU NAMALYARI


 APO NAMALYARI 

APO NAMALYARI 

APO NAMALYARI 




BULAN-HARI 

BULAN-HARI- Tagalog lunar deity Bulan-Hari Aeta god of the moon

Bulan-Hari

Bulan-Hari

BULAN 

BULAN - Pangasinan Moon god Bulan

Pangasinan Moon god Bulan

Pangasinan Moon god Bulan




REMINDER

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding, not for appropriation, commercial exploitation, or the promotion of foreingers and foreign products. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos.








Filipino mythology


  • Init-init: the Itneg god of the Sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world[5]
  • Chal-chal: the Bontok god of the Sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat;[6] aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse[7]
  • Mapatar: the Ifugao sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight[8]
  • Sun God: the Ibaloi deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld[9]
  • Elag: the Bugkalot deity of the Sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth[10]
  • Apo Init: the Ilocano deity of the sun[11]
  • Amman: the Ilocano god of the Sun, where the sun is his eye[12]
  • Agueo: the morose and taciturn Pangasinense sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light[13]
  • Algao: the Aeta Sun god who battled the giant turtle Bacobaco[14]
  • Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the Kapampangan supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the Sun;[15] in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens[16]
  • Aring Sinukûan: the Kapampangan Sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war;[17] lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form[18]
  • Apolaki: the Tagalog god of sun and warriors;[19] son of Anagolay and Dumakulem;[20] sometimes referred as son of Bathala and brother of Mayari; ruler of the world during daytime[21]
  • Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked Tau-buid Mangyan deities, composed of two gods who come from the Sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates[22]
  • Adlao: the Bicolano son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun;[23] in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas[24]
  • Unnamed God: a Bicolano Sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained[25]
  • Sanghid: the Waray giant who wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the Sun[26]
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied Bisaya son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the Sun[27]
  • Adlaw: the Bisaya Sun deity worshiped by the good[28]
  • Launsina: the Capiznon goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[29]
  • Magrakad: the Tagbanwa god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the Sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness[30]
  • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset[30]
  • Libtakan: the Manobo god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather[20]
  • Unnamed Gods: the Bagobo gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the Sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow[31]
  • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two T'boli supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[32]
  • Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of Teduray heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the Sun, and made the water into land and land into water[33]
  • Sun Deity: the divine Maranao being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers[34]

References[edit]

  1. ^ J. F. Breton (Trans. Albert LaFarge), Arabia Felix From The Time Of The Queen Of Sheba, Eighth Century B.C. To First Century A.D., 1998, University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame (IN), pp. 119-120.
  2. ^ Julian Baldick (1998). Black God. Syracuse University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0815605226.
  3. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, 1999 - 1181 páginas
  4. ^ J. Ryckmans, "South Arabia, Religion Of", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, op. cit., p. 172
  5. ^ Cole, M. C. (1916). Philippine Folk Tales . Chicago: A.C. McClurg and Co.
  6. ^ Jenks, A. (1905). The Bontoc Igorot. Manila: Bureau of Printing.
  7. ^ Cawed, C. (1972). The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. MCS Enterprises.
  8. ^ Bimmolog, H., Sallong, L., Montemayor, L. (2005). The Deities of the Animistic Religion of Mayaoyao, Ifugao.
  9. ^ Moss, C. R. (1924). Nabaloi Tales. University of California Publications in American Archaeology, 227–353.
  10. ^ Wilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute.
  11. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1978. Handbook of Philippine language groups. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
  12. ^ Alacacin, C. (1952). The Gods and Goddesses. Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces.
  13. ^ Eugenio, D. L. (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. University of the Philippines Press.
  14. ^ Beyer, H.O. (1915). Philippine Ethnographic Series.
  15. ^ Jose, V. R. (1974). Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature. University of the Philippines.
  16. ^ Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila.
  17. ^ Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila.
  18. ^ Aguilar, M. D. (2001). Women in Philippine Folktales. Holy Angel University
  19. ^ Calderon, S. G. (1947). Mga alamat ng Pilipinas. Manila : M. Colcol & Co.
  20. ^ Jump up to:a b Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.
  21. ^ Ramos, M. (1990). Philippine Myths, Legends, and Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
  22. ^ Kikuchi, Y. (1984). Mindoro Highlanders: The Life of the Swidden Agriculturists. New Day Publishers.
  23. ^ Beyer, H. O. (1923). Ethnography of the Bikol People. vii.
  24. ^ Arcilla, A. M. (1923). The Origin of Earth and of Man. Ethnography of the Bikol People, vii.
  25. ^ Buenabora, N. P. (1975). Pag-aaral at Pagsalin sa Pilipino ng mga Kaalamang-Bayan ng Bikol at ang Kahalagahan ng mga Ito sa Pagtuturo ng Pilipino sa Bagong Lipunan. National Teacher's College.
  26. ^ Hart D. V., Hart H. C. (1966). Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. The Journal of American Folklore.
  27. ^ Miller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn.
  28. ^ Buyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan.
  29. ^ Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). Capiznon. With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R.
  30. ^ Jump up to:a b Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum.
  31. ^ Benedict, L. W. (1913). Bagobo Myths. Journal of American Folklore, pp. 26 (99): 13–63.
  32. ^ Casal, G. (1978). The T'boli Creation Myth and Religion. T'boli Art: in its Socio-Cultural Context, pp. 122–123.
  33. ^ Wood, G. L. (1957). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 5, No. 2: The Tiruray. Philippine Sociological Society.
  34. ^ Talaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. History Department, De La Salle University – Manila.
  35. ^ The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective
  36. ^ The Spider’s Web. Goddesses of Light and Loom: Examining the Evidence for the Indo-European Origin of Two Ancient Chinese Deities
  37. ^ "Nữ thần mặt trời và nữ thần mặt trăng - Thần thoại Việt Nam". TruyệnXưaTíchCũ. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  38. ^ "UM CULTO SOLAR OU RITUAL DE FECUNDIDADE". Archived from the original on 2011-12-30. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  39. ^ Enciclopédia das Festas Populares e Religiosas de Portugal. Vol. 1. Lulu.com. p. 64. ISBN 9789892013916.
  40. ^ "TEÓFILO BRAGA. O POVO PORTUGUEZ NOS SEUS COSTUMES, CRENÇAS E TRADIÇÕES II". Lisboa, Livraria Ferreira. 1885.
  41. ^ Ridderstad, Marianna (2009). "Evidence of Minoan Astronomy and Calendrical Practises". arXiv:0910.4801 [physics.hist-ph].
  42. ^ Marinatos, Nanno. Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine (2013).
  43. ^ O'Brien, Steven. "Dioscuric Elements in Celtic and Germanic Mythology". In: Journal of Indo-European Studies 10:1–2 (Spring–Summer, 1982), pp. 117–136.
  44. ^ Meagher, Robert E. (2002). The Meaning of Helen: In Search of an Ancient Icon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 46ff. ISBN 978-0-86516-510-6.
  45. ^ West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.


Philippine mythologies


  • Kabigat (Bontok mythology): the goddess of the moon who cut off the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting[7]
  • Bulan (Ifugao mythology): the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime[8]
  • Moon Deity (Ibaloi mythology): the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse[9]
  • Delan (Bugkalot mythology): deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth[10]
  • Bulan (Ilocano mythology): the moon god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra[11]
  • Bulan (Pangasinense mythology): the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves[12]
  • Wife of Mangetchay (Kapampangan mythology): wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the Moon[13]
  • Mayari (Kapampangan mythology): the moon goddess who battled her brother, Apolaqui[14]
  • Apûng Malyari (Kapampangan mythology): moon god who lives in Mount Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers[15]
  • Mayari (Tagalog mythology): goddess of the moon;[16] sometimes identified as having one eye;[17] ruler of the world during nighttime and daughter of Bathala[18]
  • Dalagang nasa Buwan (Tagalog mythology): the maiden of the moon[19]
  • Dalagang Binubukot (Tagalog mythology): the cloistered maiden in the moon[20]
  • Unnamed Moon God (Tagalog mythology): the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse[21]
  • Bulan-hari (Tagalog mythology): one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in[22]
  • Bulan (Bicolano mythology): son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the Moon;[23] in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established[24]
  • Haliya (Bicolano mythology): the goddess of the moon,[25] often depicted with a golden mask on her face
  • Libulan (Bisaya mythology): the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[26]
  • Bulan (Bisaya mythology): the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[27]
  • Launsina (Capiznon mythology): the goddess of the Sun, Moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[28]
  • Diwata na Magbabaya (Bukidnon mythology): simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the Earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, Moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting[29]
  • Bulon La Mogoaw (T'boli mythology): one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[30]
  • Moon Deity (Maranao mythology): divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers[31]

References


  1.  "Menily, the Cahuilla moon goddess (Menilly, Menil, Man-El)". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  2. ^ 太上洞真五星秘授经
  3. ^ Overmyer, Daniel L. (1986). Religions of China: The World as a Living System. New York: Harper & Row. p. 51. ISBN 9781478609896.
  4. ^ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 23
  5. ^ Dexter, Miriam Robbins. Whence the goddesses: a source book. The Athene Series. New York and London: Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University. 1990. p. 154. ISBN 0-8077-6234-2.
  6. ^ Seo, Dae Seok. "Song of Sun and Moon". Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  7. ^ Jenks, A. (1905). The Bontoc Igorot. Manila: Bureau of Printing.
  8. ^ Bimmolog, H., Sallong, L., Montemayor, L. (2005). The Deities of the Animistic Religion of Mayaoyao, Ifugao.
  9. ^ Moss, C. R. (1924). Nabaloi Tales. University of California Publications in American Archaeology, 227–353.
  10. ^ Wilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute.
  11. ^ Alacacin, C. (1952). The Gods and Goddesses. Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces.
  12. ^ Eugenio, D. L. (2007). Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology. University of the Philippines Press.
  13. ^ Jose, V. R. (1974). Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature. UP .
  14. ^ Fansler, D. S. (1921). 1965 Filipino Popular Tales. Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Assosciates Inc.
  15. ^ Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila.
  16. ^ Calderon, S. G. (1947). Mga alamat ng Pilipinas. Manila : M. Colcol & Co.
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