Bicolano Myths : Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures

Bicolano gods

Bicolano Pantheon and Mythology

Bicolano mythology is often non-linear and primarily passed down through oral tradition, resulting in different versions of the myths. The stories are also interwoven with elements of Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, animism, and influences from Visayan and Tagalog cultures.

The Bicolano culture, deeply rooted in the Philippines, boasts a vibrant mythology that reflects the region's lush landscapes, dynamic traditions, and the profound connection between the people and the divine. The Bicolano pantheon is a treasure-trove of gods, goddesses, and mythical creatures, each with its unique stories and significance.

Geographical Context:

The Bicol Region, situated in the southeastern part of Luzon, provides the backdrop for a mythology intricately woven into the fabric of the people's daily lives. Surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Sea, the region's geography significantly influences its myths, with the sea, mountains, and forests serving as mystical realms inhabited by divine beings.

Gugurang: The Supreme Deity:

At the pinnacle of the Bicolano pantheon stands Gugurang, the supreme deity and the ruler of Mt. Mayon, an iconic active volcano in the region. Gugurang is revered as the god of good harvest, prosperity, and fertility. The mythical Mount Mayon itself, often shrouded in mist and surrounded by verdant landscapes, is believed to be the abode of Gugurang whenever he descends from the skyworld (Uragonan).

Gugurang and Asuang

Asuang: The Lord of Darkness:

In contrast to the benevolent Gugurang, the Bicolano pantheon includes Asuang, the lord of darkness and chaos. Asuang embodies malevolence, and his influence is associated with misfortune, illness, and natural disasters. The eternal struggle between Gugurang and Asuang mirrors the cosmic balance between good and evil.

Handiong and the Epic of Ibalong:

The Bicolano epic, Ibalong, recounts the heroic deeds of Handiong, a legendary warrior who battled mythical creatures and monsters to cleanse the land. The epic is a testament to the Bicolanos' courage and resilience, symbolizing the triumph of humanity over adversity. Handiong's adventures offer insights into the moral values and societal norms upheld by the Bicolano people.

Other Deities and Creatures:

The Bicolano pantheon extends beyond Gugurang, Asuang, and Handiong to include a myriad of deities and mythical creatures. Notable among them is Oryol, a demigoddess with a serpentine form, who plays a pivotal role in the Ibalong epic. Kalapitnan, the god of bats, and Katambay, benevolent celestial beings acting as intermediaries between humans and Gugurang, contribute to the rich tapestry of Bicolano mythology.

Bicolano Rituals and Beliefs:

The mythology of the Bicolano people is not confined to ancient tales but remains a living tradition embedded in their rituals and beliefs. Festivals like the Pantomina, celebrated with dance and music, pay homage to mythical beings and serve as expressions of gratitude and reverence.

Challenges in Preserving Bicolano Mythology:

As modernization and globalization impact indigenous cultures, there is a growing concern about the preservation of Bicolano mythology. The oral transmission of myths, once the primary method of passing down stories, faces challenges in an era dominated by written literature and digital media.

Tagalog and Visayan influence

neighbouring strong cultures of the Tagalog and the Visayans greatly influenced the Bicolano mythology. Because of proximity and the culture trade. Most mythological creatures are either similar, the same or synchronized with both Tagalog, Bicolano and Visayan beliefs.

Comparisons to Hinduism and Buddhism:

Despite the allure of equating Philippine mythology with European perspectives, a more insightful comparison emerges when juxtaposed with Hinduism and Buddhism. The influence of Indian culture, evident in ancient trade routes and cultural exchanges, has left an indelible mark on Philippine mythology. Understanding the shared threads between these Southeast Asian cultures allows for a deeper appreciation of the interconnectedness of beliefs and practices.

Oral Transmission as a Living Tradition:

Philippine mythology is not confined to dusty tomes but thrives as a living, breathing tradition passed down orally through generations. This oral transmission ensures that the essence of the stories remains intact, with storytellers adding their own nuances and interpretations. Foreigners looking through a European lens may miss the dynamic nature of these narratives, intertwined with the daily lives of the Filipino people.

Cultural Contexts in Mythological Names

The names of gods, goddesses, and mythical beings in Philippine mythology often carry specific cultural contexts and linguistic significance. Attempting to translate these names into English may lead to a loss of the deeper meanings and cultural resonances encapsulated within the linguistic roots of these stories.

Visayan gods - Bicolano demons

The people of Ibalong viewed some of the Visayan gods as demons, specifically the war gods.

the Bicolanos of Ibalong viewed the Visayan gods through the lens of conflict and strife. The tattoos that once signified strength and identity to the Visayans became, in the eyes of the Bicolanos, the markings of malevolent beings who, in the form of gods, brought havoc to their peaceful colonies. This interplay of regional dynamics showcases the complex ways in which perceptions are shaped by historical interactions and cultural clashes.

Bicol mythology - Foreigners find it hard to understand

Most Bicolano mythology is non-linear and has many versions due to its oral tradition, making it difficult for foreigners to understand. Stories were passed down by word of mouth, leading to variations in details, characters, and events over time.

Beyond the Eurocentric (Westernized) Gaze

Foreign perspectives on Philippine mythology often fall prey to Eurocentric interpretations, missing the unique cultural and linguistic nuances. Rather than approaching these myths through a European lens, a more illuminating exploration involves recognizing the indigenous perspectives and influences that have shaped these narratives over centuries.

REMINDER

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Bicol gods ( mga diwata ng Bicol)

Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures

GUGURANG

Gugurang

Gugurang - In Bicolano mythology, Gugurang is the supreme god who controls fire, lightning, thunder, and volcanoes. He is a just and protective deity, using these elements to punish evil and maintain order. Gugurang is known for guarding fire and sometimes providing it to humanity. He sometimes descends and resides in Mayon Volcano and is often in conflict with his brother Asuang, who represents chaos and evil. Gugurang embodies goodness and ensures balance through his control of powerful natural forces.

Gugurang is depicted as a powerful and fair deity, embodying the principles of justice and balance. He is described as a tall, muscular man with silver hair, wearing white clothing. His fairness is captured in the saying "si Gugurang Masuripot," which translates to "Gugurang is fair to all." His association with fire symbolizes both literal warmth and enlightenment. The fire of Gugurang is believed to be the source of the warmth for Mount Mayon and the region of Ibalong, representing divine knowledge and power.

The Bicolano Supreme declared Asuang to be his inferior. He commanded light and fire and some stories lighting. Depicted as tall, muscular with silver hair, He once resided in Kamurayan or heavens but left to reside in Mt. Mayon, in his place he put Bulan in the heavens with the wind people. He is the symbol of the good (an mga marhay) ready to punish the bad (an mga maraot). When the people saw fire (calayo) flowing out of the crater of Mayon, they would grow afraid. They would then offer a sacrifice (atang) to him to appease his wrath. The Baliana, priestess, officiated in the ceremony. Always when they committed wrong, there would be loud moaning of the earth followed by an eruption of fire and lava.

"Sa Kapinuon-puonan, An buhay kan katawohan, Dusay lubos ki Gugurang
Na samuyang kagurangan"

Sa pinaka-simula, ang buhay ng sangkatauhan ay alay lahat kay Gugurang na pinakamakapangyarihan

Languiton

Languiton - was the primal Bicolano god representing the sky. sovereign of all the flying creatures in the skies. He associated with the clear blue skies that represent purity of soul, truth, and stability

Tubigan god of the water

Tubigan - was the god of water and the celestial ocean, ruled over all the swimming beast. Deity associated with material abundance

Dagat

Dagat - Diwata ng Dagat. the goddess of the Seathe divine embodiment of the seas and ocean and daughter of Tubigan (In some stories she is the daughter of Langution). Some stories she was the daughter of Laguiton who took Paros the winds to be her husband and equal, they ruled over the skies and the seas. Love is one thing stronger than the gods for it killed her and Paros, other belief that they have found contentment and had simply slept, the sky and the sea. When she slept from the waters the god Magindang was born. D

Paros - the divine embodiment of the winds, ever-changing, arrogant and polygamous until he was bested by Dagat, he fell in love with her and changed his old ways, they ruled over all the skies and seas. He and Dagat had four powerful children (Daga,Adlao,Bulan and Bituoon)

Daga

Daga - enormous as he is strong, his body is made of rocks. Arrogant that he had inherited most of his father's powers of the wind in addition to his strength. Daga persuaded his brothers to attack Languiton to steal his power but failed. He was struck down and his body became the earth

Adlao

Adlao - noticeably happy and optimistic, The golden man, He was reluctant of his brother's plans but loved Daga too much to go against him. He became the sun

Bulan

Bulan - fairest son of Dagat and Paros, He is comely and docile. The copper bodied Bulan obeyed his brothers will without question. He became the beautiful moon, he was restored back to life by the powerful Gugurang and placed him in the "Kamurayan" or Heaven.

Bituoon

Bituoon - Bituoon was said to be the loveliest goddess in all the heavens lovely and bright and the only daughter of Paros and Dagat, She was of silver, She was accidentally killed by Languiton thus became the stars. faired and most beautiful in all the celestial realm and the favourite of Languiton

Asuang

Asuang - He was Gugurangs equal until Gugurang proved he is superior to all. He tried to steal Gugurangs scared fire but failed. He was also from the heavens but descended to Mt. Malinao. Even though he is considered a dark and evil god and of all the beast, he is a friend of Bulan (god of the moon) the two are worshiped side by side by the cross-dressing priests called "Baylan". Asuang is the father of Oryol was the most beautiful and powerful female in the land of Ibalon before Magayon and her sisters came. Some say he is tall and muscular having long dark hair and is extremely attractive but the moonlight reveals his true form which is ugly and monstrous.

Batala

Batala - He is a lesser god, kind and helpful. Batala commands the "anito" or all ancestral spirits of men. He is invoked in times of need and trouble. sometimes he comes in a glowing human form or in a form of a bird or a great eagle

Linti

Linti - Linti is a minor deity of lighting, commands lighthing. described as a handsome young man. He obeys Gugurang's command and punishes evil. Always accompined by his brother Dologdog. Linti is the god of lightining in Bicolano mythology, the embodiment of lightning, is described as a handsome young man who weirds a thousand silver spears (lightning)

Dalogdog
Dologdog

Dalogdog - He is the lesser deity of thunder, Brother of Linti and also one of Gugurang's vassal. He and Linti were sent by Gugurang to attack mount Malinao, they attacked in until it was half its original size. Dalogdog is the god of thunder in Bicolano mythology portrayed as riding a storm cloud with fierce and aggressive facial expressions, Dologdog is the embodiment of thunder and the brother of Linti

Magindang

Magindang - the powerful god of the sea, fishing and ruler of all its creatures. Venerated by fishermen and sea voyagers. He gives bountiful catch and safe passage to all who call to him.He is depicted as tall and muscular with long flowing hair. He is also known to admire the moon Bulan and the reason is to why the tides would rise towards the moon. He was tricked by Oryol who commanded the Magindara (vicious mermaids) to kill the beautiful maiden Malinao.

Adlaw

Adlao - Diwata ng Araw, The embodiment of the sun and light, heat. Placed in the sky by Gugurang himself. Father of the demigod Uratihon demi sun god who fell in love with the mortal,refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited girl, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned the girl and whole village until nothing but hot springs remained

Bulan

Bulan - Diwata ng Buwan, the embodiment of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He was placed in the Kamurayan by Gugurang. Bulan is said to be accompanied by the wind people who act as his surfs and handmaidens and also his warriors. Bulan out of loneliness with the use of starlight created a being in his image, a confidant to keep him company, it was the goddess Haliya. Bulan is worshipped by the Baylan for his beauty, and for protection against the darkness, and creatures of the night. He was pursued by Magindang (the god of the sea) when he descended into the waters of Bicol. He is a friend of Asuang (god of evil and chaos). There is a story concerning Bulan and the takay flower, that the moon saw the lovely maiden drown and made her into the "takay" flower or the Bicolano water- hyacinth

"igwang sayaw nin pag-arang;

sayaw nin kaogmahan, sayaw ki Bulan

sayaw ki Halia"

Haliya

Haliya - Diwata ng liwanag ng buwan, She is the goddess of moonlight and Bulan's sister, confidant and protector. She is strong and adamant as Bulan is weak and submissive. She is depicted as a very lovely young woman. She and Bulan are the most pursued and fairest beings in the heavens. She wears a mask to hide her beauty.
She was convinced by the wind people or Taong Lipod to go down to the waters of the earth to bathe. Often depicted holding a kampilan.
She is believed to worshiped by women, she is the symbol of strength in women. Dance ritual Halea or Haliya is named after her, She is also known to be the arch-enemy of Bakunawa (Bakunawa pursued his brother Bulan)

The ancient ritual of Haliya, once a simple celebration of the full moon, gradually transformed over time into a mythical summoning of the goddess of the Moon, known as Haliya. As stories and myths evolve through generations, the Halya ritual took on deeper spiritual significance, incorporating elements of divine intervention and protection.As the ritual evolved, so too did the mythology surrounding it. Over time, the people began to personify the protective forces of the moon, giving rise to the concept of Haliya, the goddess of the Moon. Haliya became a symbol of strength and defense, defending the male lunar deity Bulan from the threat of the Bacunawa

"Halia" was a ritual performed during the full moon. Tribespeople would exit their homes, gather in the streets, and create a cacophony of noise to deter the serpent Bakunawa from devouring the moon. The ceremony also aimed to dispel malevolent spirits.

Bacunawa - Diwata ng kailaliman believed to be the cause of eclipse, Bakunawa is the deity of the deep and the underworld. She saw Bulan when he descended to swim with the magindara and had fallen in love. Unnoticed by the lunar god she swore to eat the moon, She transformed into a huge eel-like asian dragon (some say fish-dragon with gills with the mouth the size of a lake). Bakunawa is the arch-rival of Haliya. When she tries to devour the moon, people would light torched and make noise to invoke Bakunawa's rival Haliya.

Onos

Onos - Diwata ng bagyo at baha, god of storms, deluge and flood waters. He is muscular and tall with white tattoos all over his body. He sends storms to villages and farmlands when people forget their "atang(offerings or prayers)"

He is the guardian of the Takay a lesser god. Takay fell in love with Kanaway, he was separating the two. He shot Kanaway with his lightning but Kanaway only turned to stone, he got angry and attacked mt. Asog with numerous lighting bolts thus making it sink and turn into now Lake Buhi

Linti at Dalogdog

Linti and Dologdog - Diwata ng kulog at kidlat, Gugurang's two vassal depicted handsome young men . Lightning (Linti) and Thunder (Dalogdog). They were the symbol of Gugurang's punishment. Gugurang would send the two to punish stronger beings (gods). They were seduced by Asuang to join him and was almost succesful.
Linti and Dologdog were the beings resposible why Mt Malinao is now half its size (people of Ibalong believed it was taller and bigger until the two lesser gods hit it with their powers)

Okot

Okot - Diwata ng pangangaso at kagubatan, is the god of the forest and of hunting, protector of flora and fauna Tall, muscular with brown skin and is said that he has a belt of vines other stories it is made from gold with magic seeds. He whistles to imitate the call of birds and human, he is prayed upon in times of hunting. Some stories he appears to people in the form of a huge tree that has a face.

Kalapitnan

Kalapitnan - diwata ng mga panikiwas one of the lesser gods worshipped and venerated in Ibalong, he was considered god of the bats. Believed to have had beautiful white feathered wings until he stole a divine seashell given by Languiton to Tubigan.He has many guises and he takes many forms such as lean young man with big bat wings, sometimes a huge monstrous creature resembling a bat but stands bipedal. Kalapitnan even takes the form of a swarm of bats. He is one of the neutral gods he neither sides with Gugurang nor Asuang.

Kanlaon

Kan-laon - Diwata ng pagkawasak at ng bulkan. Kanlaon is the Evil god of desctrution that rules over the otherside of the sea(Visayas) believed to send locus and create wildfires in Ibalong. He is the enemy of Gugurang.

Nagined, Arapayan and Makbarubak

Nagined - Evil god war and and poisons along with his siblings Arapayan and Magkaburak, believed ro be foreign gods from Visayas

Sidapa - deity of death and is worshipped only in coastal parts of Bicol and seen as a lesser deity by Bicolanos, Divine consort of Bulan.

Apolaki - Vicious and strong monster of the mountain that is said to be strong enough to even take down the lightning deity Linti in battle. The monster Apolaki can take many forms, a handsome young man or a different beast put together. Has a golden diadem that shines like the sun

Anito - ancestral spirits venerated in communities and households, little wooden idols depict them. Believed to guide their living descendants and bring graces and good fortune.

Sirinaw (Sinag)

Sirinaw (Oratihon) - refered in Tagalog english stories as ''the unnamed sundeity'' demigod of the sun, fire, and warmth, described as handsome with golden brown skin and rides a golden boat. Son of Adlaw he is known to be the cause of a great fire in Ibalong and his tears turned into Hotsprings demi-sun god who fell in love with the mortal,refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited girl, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned the girl and whole village until nothing but hot springs remained

MORTALS, HEROES AND PRINCES

MALINAO

Malinaw
Bai Malinao

Malinaw - the beautiful,fair and cloistered princess of Ibalong, was well-kept and the sister of Daragang Magayon. In the place where Malinao drowned, Mount Malinao appeared. She was well kept for because she is much favored by the god of the sea Magindang. For her light skin reminds the sea god of Bulan, the god of the moon. ever since Malinao was born their had always been a bountiful catch from sea, and when Malinao is sad their fisher men could not catch fish.She was killed by the demi goddess Oryol because Oryol believed Malinaw learned the secrets of the gods

MASARAGA

Masaraga
Bai Masaraga

Masaraga - beautiful strong-willed and industrious princess of Ibalong, prayed to the gods often and possessed beautiful golden-brown skin. Tragically, she was killed by the flying monster called Banog, following the command of the demi-goddess Oryol.the ground where Masaraga fell to her death, Mount Masaraga appeared.

DARAGANG MAGAYON

Magayon
Daragang Magayon

Magayon - Most beautiful Princess in Ibalong. Depicted as often surrounded by small birds.Magayon sometimes called Mayon or daragang Magayon is the youngest sister of Masaraga and Malinao, Beautiful but proud and moody, some say she was blessed with having golden-copper skin and copper/dark brown coloured hair. In the beginning she was stubborn and refused to make rituals and "atang" with her sisters. She fell in love with Panganoron and became humble but was forced to marry Pagtuga to save her father, Datu Makusog. She died during the fight of Pagtuga and Panganoron. In the place where she lay the stunning Mayon volcano grew.

Panganoron

Panganoron, a prince in Bicol mythology, is renowned as the beloved of Magayon. He was a noble figure who ventured into Ibalong in pursuit of a bride.

Gino Panganoron, also known as Gino Ulap or Prince Cloud among his companions, embarked on a quest to find a suitable partner. Having heard of the legendary beauty of Daragang Magayon, he journeyed far to behold her splendor. Panganoron was described as fair-skinned, and folklore speculated that his lineage was intertwined with that of the wind people or perhaps even mermaids. Enchanted by Magayon's allure, Panganoron demonstrated patience and unwavering admiration for her.

People believe that when clouds shroud the peak of Mayon Volcano, it symbolizes the ethereal embrace of Ulap and Magayon.

Takay

Takay - Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood caused by Onos god of the storms; transformed into flowers by Bulan the god of the moon. Takay was inlove with Kanaway, but Onos was inlove with Takay

Kanaway - Young lad who was inlove with Takay, He was turned to stone out of spite hit by lightning sent by Onos, but Kanaway only turned to stone

Datu Makusog - One of the Rulers of Ibalong, husband of Diwani. He is the father of Masaraga,Malinao and Magayon. Depicted as plump kind ruler,he was portly because during his mythical reign times were prosperous in Ibalon. No strife and calamities

Diwani

Diwani - the mythical queen of Ibalong, Beautiful, smart and industrious. She was very devoted to the gods and ancestral spirits. Often depicted as beautiful with golden tan skin and long dark hair. Skilled in the arts of weaving, embroidery and memorizing songs and rituals

Baltog - Depicted as very fair skinned belived to be from the race of tawong-lipod to come to Bicol. he introduced agriculture to Bicol by planting linsa or apay, which was a characteristic of early Indian colonizers. He slew the Tandayag Boar in a bone-wracking combat.

Bantong - Bantong was a brave and cunning young warrior who single-handedly killed the half-man and half-wild beast Rabot, although Handyong had given him 1,000 warriors to help him do it.

Handyong -The central figure in the epic is Handyong. He came to Bicol with his followers after Baltog, and came to be the most famous of the tawong-lipod. He cleared the land of predatory monsters, Handyong was assisted by Oryol cleared the lands of Ibalong of its mythological creatures.

Anginay - The princess known for her fair complexion, the wife of the warrior Bulusan.

Bulusan - Strong and handsome and brave. Bulusan was a prince that was falsely accused and killed. the blood of Bulusan mixed with the guilt tears of the villagers from two lakes upon the slopes of the volcano.

BICOLANO MONSTERS

Mythologcal Monsters old times and contemporary

Oryol - the daughter of the deity Asuang. Oryol possesses inhuman beauty and prowess when it comes to seduction. Aside from being beautiful in stories, it is told that she has a beautiful voice that could lure anyone (both men and women, even animals) Half of her body is a serpent. In the Bicolano myths of Ibalong, Oryol is a demi-goddess with extraordinary beauty and seductive powers. Initially portrayed as both a villain and a hero, she commanded monsters against human colonies. However, a love story unfolds between Oryol and Handiog, a warrior. Despite their battles, they fall in love, and Oryol transforms from an obstacle to an ally, revealing divine secrets that contribute to the prosperity of Bicol. The story involves battles against monsters, including the mighty Buwaya tribe, and a tragic episode in Tulong Bulod where Oryol's jealousy leads to the demise of three sisters. Oryol's character embodies duality, portrayed as both malevolent and kind-hearted in different stories. Love plays a transformative role, highlighting the nuanced nature of her mythology.

Magindara

MAGINDARA - Beautiful but vicious mermaids with colorful scales. Eats human flesh but is poisoned by children and virgins blood. Said to have been very vicous but when the lunar deity Bulan descended they became tame.these fierce siren of the sea, half woman, half fish with sharp fins and multicolored scales. It swam the deep seas or hid in cliffs and rocky shores. It would hide behind crags and rocks near the shorelines when summoned by evil spirits and waited for unsuspecting victims which it would drown in the deep sea.

Magindara - daughter of the deity Asuang and sister to Oryol. Magindara was said to be sweet and tender-hearted, unlike Oryol who was always smart and cunning. Asuang wanted to make chaos and asked her daughter to call a storm but Magindara being kind did not want to harm the people of Ibalong. She was banished to the sea by her father Asuang for disobeying him. Later beautiful but vicious mermaids appeared in the seas of Ibalong and were namesake Magindara

Naga - Naga also called Irago are Beautiful lesser divinties of water, fresh water mermaids with eels as lower part of their body. They were sealed inside the cave for helping Oryolwater elementals that have the upper body of beautiful young maidens and the lower body of an eel (similar to a mermaid). Long ago they were believed to reside in both fresh and salt waters of Ibalong. They are believed to be able to control water and are benevolent bringers of rain and guardians of treasure. The Naga are said to help people when in times of drought by bringing rain. Naga was believed to one of the many creatures to greet the descent of the celestial god Bulan on the waters of Ibalong. Some stories say that the Bakunawa was the most beautiful and powerful of all the Naga, thus a goddess among the Naga.

NAGA - Naga or Irago water elementals that have the upper body of beautiful young maidens and the lower body of an eel (similar to a mermaid). Long ago they were believed to reside in both fresh and salt waters of Ibalong. They are believed to be able to control water and are benevolent bringers of rain and guardians of treasure. The Naga are said to help people when in times of drought by bringing rain. Naga was believed to one of the many creatures to greet the descent of the celestial god Bulan on the waters of Ibalong. Some stories say that the Bakunawa was the most beautiful and powerful of all the Naga, thus a goddess among the Naga.

Naga or Irago

Irago are water spirits in Bicolano mythology with the upper bodies of beautiful maidens and the lower bodies of eels, similar to mermaids. They were believed to live in both fresh and saltwater in the region of Ibalong. Irago are thought to control water and are considered benevolent beings who bring rain and protect treasures. During times of drought, they are said to help by bringing much-needed rain.

IRAGO - serpents related to Oryol, a serpent with a beautiful voice and could change its image to deceive enemies. Handyong sealed all the serpents inside a huge cave in Mount Hantik

DARUWANAK - Giant turtle the size of an island. In some stories the daruwanak was the twin of the goddess Bakunawa, While Bakunawa turned into a goddess then dragon, Daruanak turned into a gigantic turle that resembles an island.

DARUANAK – In Bicolano folklore, a gigantic turtle-like but hairy sea monster. Once it lived on land but because of its gradual growth it took to the sea in order to move freely.

DARUWANAK - Behemoth tortoise, colossal as an entire island. In certain tales, this monstrous creature is revealed as the celestial counterpart to the goddess Bakunawa. Unlike Bakunawa's transformation into a divine being and later into a dragon, Daruwanak metamorphoses into an immense turtle, its colossal form mirroring the contours of an entire island.

BAKUNAWA

Bakunawa, In Bicol mythology is a colossal fish-dragon-serpent of mythical proportions, holds sway over the celestial dance of the cosmos, instigating the mesmerizing spectacle of eclipses. Legends whisper of a time when Bakunawa, once a breathtaking Naga of unparalleled beauty, shared kinship with a turtle as her twin. In her resplendent days beneath the waves, she ascended to divinity, becoming the revered gatekeeper to the underworld.

One fateful night, the god of the moon descended, casting an ethereal glow that left all creatures in awe of its luminosity and androgynous grace. Bakunawa, too, found herself captivated by the celestial deity. Yet, despite the moon god's recurrent visits to the waters of Ibalong, engaging with mermaids and Buwaya in playful merriment, Bakunawa remained unnoticed. Consumed by longing, she pledged to make the moon god, Bulan, her own.

In a passionate pursuit, Bakunawa metamorphosed into a formidable fish-dragon, capable of ascending to the heavens to consume the coveted moon. However, the audacity of her actions angered the other gods, who, in response, condemned Bakunawa to her monstrous form as punishment for her reckless endeavor to claim the celestial prize. Thus, the once-beautiful Naga found herself forever transformed, eternally tethered to the celestial realms as the colossal and eclipsing Bakunawa.

Bakunawa (Bacunawa) photo by Byehero

Sadab Tree

Tree of Sadab, a colossal, magical tree believed to have been planted by the Creator to protect the life-giving springs flowing down the mountain. The tree is described as the largest among all trees in the dense forests of Isarog, with its vast branches spanning over one square kilometer. the Tree of Sadab is imbued with extraordinary powers, such as the ability to extend and move its branches and roots at will, using them as both weapons and tools of defense, and is also protected by small fairies called lambana

RABOT

Rabot - coined as THE LAST MONSTER IN IBALONG a colossal, bipedal creature. His upper body is a testament to formidable human-like strength, while his lower body mirrors the robust build of a water buffalo. Adorned with golden sharp teeth and large bat wings capable of obscuring the moon, His roar and voice can kill and he can also turn people and creatures to stone

RABOT - renowned as the ultimate behemoth in Ibalong—an immense, bipedal entity. His upper physique embodies unparalleled human-like might, while his lower anatomy reflects the sturdy frame of a water buffalo. Arrayed with glistening, razor-sharp teeth of gold and expansive bat wings that have the power to shroud the moon, Rabot possesses a roar and voice so lethal they can induce demise. Furthermore, his ability to petrify individuals and creatures adds an ominous dimension to his already formidable presence.

RABOT - Powerful beast. a powerful creature with a body that was half-human and half-beast. His upper body was muscular like a man, but his lower body resembled that of a water buffalo or some say a horse, similar to a tikbalang, with a human face. Rabot had golden sharp teeth and the ability to turn people into stone. He possessed immense strength and speed, akin to the beasts of the forest. His voice roared loudly, and he had huge bat wings that seemed to cover the moon when he flew at night. He is known as the last monster in Ibalong

Rabot - Rabot a ferocious half-human half-monster that could turn people into the rock by magic. Rabot is described as ugly, a liar, and had a loud voice. Bantong slew the monster using his bolo

Naginao - The Naginaw o Naginao are Tattoed Demons from across the sea

BANOG - The Banog is a flying monster in Bicolano mythology. It is said to be in the shape of a thin body but strong monstrous man with huge wings. Some stories depict it as a scary humanoid with wings. Oryol enchanted the Banog using her voice and commanded the Banog to fly and kill the Princess Masaraga When they were high enough the Banog dropped Masaraga. The ground where Masaraga fell to her death Mount Masaraga appeared

BANOG

TAMBALULUS - an awkward, wrinkled, black creature, it had long, thin legs, hooves and big joints. It had a mane like that of a horse that went down from the head to buttocks. Its wide protruding lips covered its face when it laughed. It got its name from the huge, wrinkled penis and loose-bagged testicles which dangled to the ground.

TAMBALOSLOS - The Tambalulos or tambaloslos is a creature in Bicolano myths and lore. It is the ugly embodiment of man's lust. It is said to be dark, ugly and scary with big mouth and lips, and a huge penis. Stories say that the tambaloslos waits for his victims, or sometimes makes people loose their way so he could trap them. Once trapped the tambaloslos would do perverse things with his vicitm. Raping it until he is satisfied. According Bicolano lore, the tambaloslos raped all things that got lost in its forest, men, women and even chicken and pigs, Gugurang angered by the perverse ways of tambaloslos cursed him that his balls and penis would grow big so that it could not fit into any hole. But the punishement did not stop the tambaloslos, scary tales still linger that it waits for its vicitms in dark parts of the forests

Tambaloslos - Tambalulos, a creature entrenched in Bicolano myths, embodies the unsavory aspects of human lust. Described as dark, ugly, and fearsome, with a large mouth, lips, and an imposing physique, this entity is said to lurk in the shadows. Stories tell of the Tambaloslos patiently awaiting victims or leading wanderers astray to ensnare them. Once trapped, it engages in perverse acts, subjecting its victims to violation until its desires are satisfied. According to Bicolano lore, the Tambaloslos, dwelling in the forest, preyed on lost souls—men, women, and even animals like chickens and pigs. Gugurang, appalled by its perverse ways, invoked a curse causing the creature's genitalia to grotesquely enlarge, preventing it from fitting into any opening. Despite this punishment, chilling tales persist, suggesting that the Tambaloslos still haunts the dark recesses of the forests, patiently waiting for unsuspecting victims.

TAWONG LIPOD- as a general term for invisible mythological creatures like fairies, nymphs, giants, elves, etc.

Tawong Lipod - are mythical beings from Philippine folklore. Originally, they were seen as beautiful spirits of the clouds and waters, bringing gentle breezes and representing the beauty of the sky. Over time, however, their image changed in modern horror stories. Today, they are often depicted as unseen and ugly creatures that cause illness, reflecting shifts in cultural beliefs and societal fears.

Tawong Lipod

Tawong Lipod - Female Spirits of the clouds and wind, Invisble unless they want to be seen. Surfs and handmaiden of Bulan and Haliya. Acts as Bulan's entourage whenever he descends to the waters of Ibalong to bathe or swim. The Tawong Lipod comprises female spirits associated with the winds and clouds. Among them, certain entities underwent transformations, becoming water nymphs as well as malevolent spirits and dark shadows. This metamorphosis occurred when the deity Bulan inadvertently left some of these spirits behind during his ascent from Ibalong back to the heavens.

Tawong Lipod

Tawong Lipod - The Tawong Lipod, mythical beings in Philippine folklore, underwent a transformation in their portrayal over time. Originally depicted as beautiful spirits of the clouds and waters, they were associated with positive attributes like gentle breezes and the beauty of the sky. In contemporary horror stories, however, they have become malevolent beings causing sickness, reflecting cultural changes and societal fears.

TANDAYAG NA OPON - Overly sized boar that once roamed freely in the land of Ibalong until the human settlers came and built their colony. Tandayang sa Opon was believed to be the guardian of the plains. He was considered a menace and a treat by the new settlers of Ibalong, and their champion Baltog killed the Tandayang sa opon with his bear hands.

TANDAYAG NA OPON – The guardian of the fields A huge black boar with massive tusks, residing in the hills of Lingyon. One of the forest guardians of Ibalong before the humans came, was slain by the human settlers

APOLAKI

Apolaki - The golden mountain monster in Bicol mythology . It stands in two feet and shaped like a man but has a diadem of gold that shines bright like the sun. It is said that the Apolaki is the fierce monster of the forest that is immune to fire. The warriors of Ibalong tired to burn the forest down but it had no effect on the Apolaki. The Apolaki was so strong that even the lightning god linti was defeated.

Apolaki - The golden mountain monster. It stands in two feet and shaped like a man but has a diadem of gold that shines bright like the sun. It is said that the Apolaki is the fierce monster of the forest that is immune to fire. The warriors of Ibalong tired to burn the forest down but it had no effect on the Apolaki. The Apolaki was so strong that even the lightning god linti was defeated.

Apolaki - mountain monster

Apolaki - Monster in the moutain that is shaped like a man

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak -Frequently referred to as siblings with skin bronzed by the sun and sea, these beings boasted bodies embellished with elaborate tattoos. Flawless in manhood, strength, and maturity, their voices harmonized as one when they communicated. Nevertheless, the reality of their essence eventually emerged - an unveiling that they constituted a three-headed monster, instigators of chaos and harm. According to Bicolano belief, they were summoned when one desired to cause pain and destruction, with the belief that the malevolent god Asuang had welcomed them as comrades.

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak

Naguined, Arapayan and Magkaburak -Bicolano demons Naguined, Arapayan, and Magkaburak are believed to be foreign gods by the people of Bicol, but they are discovered to be three-headed monsters causing harm and chaos. They are invoked for evil purposes, and the Bicolanos think they are allies of the evil god Asuang.

In the Ibalong legend, Rabot is the ultimate monster, a hybrid creature with a human upper body and a lower body resembling a water buffalo or horse. Rabot has golden sharp teeth, the ability to turn victims into stone, and bat wings. His origin involves a young commoner's encounter with three initially monstrous men who turn out to be handsome and god-like. Rabot grows into a giant with the mind of a child and, manipulated by the god Asuang, goes on a rampage turning people into stone. Despite being invincible, Rabot is eventually defeated by the hero Bantong, marking the end of an era where humans surpass monsters in destruction.

NAGINED, MAGKABURAK, and ARAPAYAN – The powerful trinity of demons in the old Ibalong beliefs, said to be three powerfully built handsome men with tattoos covering their faces and whole body. It is said that when they talk they all speak in the same time, and that their true form is a three headed demon. They are demons invoked when one wants to do harm. Even Asuang asks for their help when he wants to cause chaos

NAGINED, MAGKABURAK, and ARAPAYAN

The malevolent triumvirate of demons within ancient Ibalong folklore, whispered to be three towering, grotesque figures adorned with insidious tattoos veiling their faces and bodies. Legends tell of their unified, synchronized voices that echo in eerie harmony, concealing the sinister pact they share. Their authentic manifestation is believed to be a nightmarish, three-headed demon. These malevolent entities are invoked to unleash harm, so potent that even Asuang, the harbinger of chaos, implores their aid to amplify his malevolence.

Anito - Asncestral spirits

Anito In Bicol mythology, the Anito, are small wooden figures and revered ancestral spirits and deities, hold a significant place, embodying a connection between the mortal and divine realms. These spirits, which include actual ancestors, cultural heroes, and guardian entities, play a crucial role in offering guidance, protection, and blessings to the living. The tangible representation of Anito is found in "taotao," carved humanoid figures serving as vessels for invoking ancestral spirits. Carved during funeral ceremonies, these figures endure as cultural artifacts, embodying the Bicolano people's spiritual connection and heritage. The act of invoking these spirits involves rituals, ceremonies, and prayers, reinforcing the belief in the continued influence of the Anito in times of need.

PATING NA PAK-PAKAN - Pating nga Pakpakan, also known as the Triburon or tiburon —a winged shark armed with razor-sharp teeth that skillfully encircles its prey from the skies. In the epic tale of Ibalon, this formidable creature met its demise at the hands of the warrior-hero Handyong.

Pating na Pakpakan

INONGOK - Black, shabby and shaggy humanlike monster from whose black eyes poured out tears of fire that formed a pool of glittering red where they fell. Prankish but harmless, it appears only during the darkest nights in isolated byways to frighten those who got lost in the night.

INONGOK - In Bicolano mythology and folklore, the Innogok is a black, shabby, and shaggy humanlike monster with a haunting appearance. From its black eyes, tears of fire flow, forming a pool of glittering red where they fall. Though it may look terrifying, the Innogok is more prankish than dangerous, and its mischief is harmless. It appears only on the darkest nights, lurking in isolated, lonely paths to frighten those who have lost their way in the night.

ONGLO - a hominoid with long, straight black hair covering its entire body; it had long, pointed ears and claws, and looked really ugly. Brushing against the Onglo would produce severe allergy. The remedy would be to whip the affected body parts with a woman’s long hair.

Onglo

ONGLO - hominoid adorned with an extensive coat of long, straight black hair enveloping its entire form. Boasting long, pointed ears and formidable claws, Onglo's aesthetic appeal was decidedly lacking. A mere brush against this creature could induce a severe allergic reaction. To counteract the effects, a remedy was prescribed—whipping the affected body parts with the length of a woman's hair.

Onglo

KIKIK - The Kikik is a nocturnal bird of ill omen, its eerie call foretelling death within a tribe. Some believe the Kikik is actually an Aswang disguised as a bird, adding to the dread it inspires. When its cry echoes through the night, people are filled with fear, often cowering and invoking the protection of the anitos (spirits) to ward off the impending misfortune

kikik

Katambay - are benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between Gugurang and the humans. Other roles of katambay include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out tasks on behalf of Gugurang. Bikolano's believe that a katambay is that is assigned to protect and guide a particular person, family or group. They can be invoked in time of need.

Katambay - Guardian spirits

The Katambay are a mythological race of spirits in Bicol lore. They are believed to reside with Gugrangwas, the god of good, in the skyworld called Kamurawayan. A Katambay is a guardian spirit who protects humans, depicted as spirits that take the form of men with long dark hair and wear "pudong" or gold ornaments or silver. They act like guardian angels in times of need.

These spirits are called or invoked in times of need and trouble to protect from harm or danger. People believe that they descend from the heavens to help those in need with pure intentions. The presence of Katambay is sought for reassurance and guidance during challenging moments, and their benevolent nature is trusted to bring comfort and safeguard individuals from adversity.

KATAMBAY - are benevolent celestial beings who act as intermediaries between Gugurang and the humans. Other roles of katambay include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out tasks on behalf of Gugurang. Bikolano's believe that a katambay is that is assigned to protect and guide a particular person, family or group. They can be invoked in time of need.

KATAMBAY - guardian spirit that protects men in time of need. Semidivine being that is said to aid men when they pray to the gods and to him for help. Depicted as a tall muscular man with long black hair wearing a ''pudong'' (crown or headband or diadem depending on the stories) and clad in gold. He acts like a ''guardian angel'' againts evil.

KATAMBAY – (Bicol) A term used to by the early people of Bicol to refer to guardian anito.

Katambay - a type of guardian spirit similar to guardian angels (like how it’s written in the text) and the umalagad of the Bisayans

Katambay - a type of guardian spirit similar to guardian angels and the umalagad of the Bisayans

Katambang - a cadre of half-man half-bird creatures (Garuda/Katambang) that are strong and are capable of flight. That they would swoop and catch evi humans and monsters, but upon touching fresh waters they turn into attractive men with muscular bodies. Other stories tell that these emissaries of Gugurang are monster that have the body of a muscular man and a face of an eagle and hands with sharp talons, thses creature have arms that turn into wings when pursuing its prey.

KOROKOY

The hearth cricket that lives in the crevices of stones. If one is aroused from sleep by its chirping, it meant the death of a relative. A household with a sick person inside would watch out for the chirping of the Korokoy. If they hear it, a healer—a parasantigwar, mambabawi or parabulong—would be summoned to protect the sick. It shell and wings are black and its eyes are red.

Buwaya - Buwaya in Ibalong and Bicol mythology, the giant smart corcodiles monsters and the humaoid crocodile men. The giant crocodiles were vicious and infested the rivers lakes and seas of Ibalong but when the Moon god Bulan descended to bathe in the waters of Ibalong some of them became tame when they saw his luminous countenace. Some of the giant crocodiles and the humanoid crocodiles were Slain by the Hero Handiong with the help of the demi goddess Oryol used her magical voice to lure and kill most of them, which turned the rivers red with blood. The survivors, along with Sarimao, were banished and sealed in Mount Kulasi.

BUWAYA - strong and vicious reptilian-like creatures (resembling crocodiles) of water, they can transform into humanoid bipedal beings when out of the water. They were believed to have infested the waters of Ibalong until the god Bulan descended and tamed most of them, and until the great hero of Ibalong purged the land and seas of their race according to legend the hero along with his men and with Oryol's help slaughtered most of the Buwaya to make way for their new colony in Ibalong.

Giant crocodile: Also called buaya, Handyong defeated the giant crocodiles in combat. Handyong was assisted by Oryol in killing many of them, which lead tinged the Bicol River red with blood. The survivors were banished, along with Sarimao, to Mount Kulasi.

Sarimaw - A Strong beast, The warriors of Ibalong joined forces attacked the Sarimao and drove away the giant Sarimaw (they drove it to mount Kulasi)

SARIMAW

Sarimaw - A formidable creature, the warriors of Ibalong united to confront and drive away the giant Sarimaw, directing it to Mount Kulasi. Sarimao, described as avenging monsters, were known for their brutal fierceness and pursuit of evildoers. Led by Handyong, the Sarimao were ultimately exiled to Mount Kulasi as a consequence of their destructive actions against those with hidden guilt, unable to face justice. Sarimaw is depicted as a beast resembling a mixture of a lion and boar with horns.

SARIMAW

Sarimaw - A Strong beast, The warriors of Ibalong joined forces attacked the Sarimao and drove away the giant Sarimaw (they drove it to mount Kulasi)

Sarimao: The sarimao were avenging monsters that were brutally fierce, ugly, and ruinous. They went after evildoers, usually to those with hidden guilt, who could not be brought to justice. Handyong exiled the Sarimao to Mount Kulasi. Their human equivalents are believed to be those who take the law into their own hands, who have suffered injustice

SARIMAW - A beast that is describes as a mixture of Tiger, Lion and boar with horns

SARIMAO – Avenging monsters in the Ibalong Epic, Sarimao target evildoers, appearing ugly and ruinous.

SANTELMO - In Philippine mythology, particularly in Tagalog and Visayan folklore, Santelmo (or Santilmo) is a ball off fire believed to be the spirit of a person who has passed away near a river, lake, ocean, or during heavy rains. This departed soul manifests itself as a glowing ball of fire. Some legends suggest that Santelmo seeks revenge on those who may have wronged the person in life, while others believe the spirit is simply searching for peace. In Bicol they have a similar entity called Lucab

LUKAB - In Bicolano mythology, Lucab or Lukab is a blue ball of fire similar to Santelmo. Unlike Santelmo, LUCAB is often described as a blue-colored flame or a chilling, ghostly fire. This mystical phenomenon appears as a ball of fire in fields and swamps, particularly near bodies of water. LUCAB is known to bounce and float away, and it is considered risky for fishermen as it attempts to set sails on fire and pose a threat of drowning to those at sea.

LUKAB - In Bicolano folklore, Lukab or Lucab is a blue ball of fire, resembling Santelmo. However, Lucab stands out as it is often depicted with a blue-colored flame, giving off an eerie and ghostly glow. This mysterious occurrence takes the form of a floating ball of fire found in fields and swamps, especially near bodies of water. Lucab is known to bounce and drift away.

ASWANG - Aswangs In Bicol mythology originating from the underworld called Gagamban(Underworld/lower world)g or transformed mortal humans given dark gifts (black pearl or stone that turns into black chick or birds) by the deity, navigate the night with supernatural abilities, emphasizing their insatiable need for human flesh, blood, or entrails. As the sovereign of monsters, Asuang commands a legion of creatures collectively known as "aswang," that he send to scatter to the Visayas region. symbolizing fear and darkness in Filipino folklore.

flesh-eating, blood-drinking, and viscera-eating shapeshifters. They are minions of the god of evil and chaos Asuang. they are many and comes in different forms and sizes (some change to wereboars, weredogs, werecats ect) with things in common that they are loyal to their lord and sovereign Asuang, they also venerate the celestial god Bulan for he a friend of Asuang. Thus Asuangs come out at night and are more jubilant during the full moon remembering their sacred pact to honor the gods Bulan and Asuang.

Angongolood - creatures that dwell along the murky riversides, the Angongolood were grotesque apes, lurking in the shadows. Their dreadful presence brought an ominous fate to those unfortunate enough to encounter them, as they possessed the ability to transform their victims into trees with a sudden and constricting embrace.

Angongolood: The Angongolood lurked along shadowy riversides. They were hideous apes that transformed their victims into trees surprising them in a tight embrace

Angogolod

ANGONGOLOOD - looks like a Kabalang (gorilla), it inhabited the swamps and riverbanks. It was a hairy, ugly homanoid that waited for fishermen and boaters at the mouth of rivers. It surprised its victim by hugging it and turning its prey into a tree.

POPO - a cruel creature from Gagamban. It had evil eyes with its debilitating effect. It was a hot-tempered and vengeful monster, its grunt resembles that of a pig. A child touched on the head by the Popo’ would grow weaker and weaker until the child dies.

Popo

POPO - heartless creature originating from Gagamban or underworld. Its malevolence is conveyed through its ominous eyes, carrying a debilitating effect. This vengeful and irritable monster emits grunts akin to a pig. The touch of the Popo on a child's head brings an ominous fate, causing the child to steadily weaken until succumbing to death.

Popo

BUWAYA - tribe of Crocodile men that can transform into Huge Crocodiles. Also called buaya, Handyong defeated the giant crocodiles in combat. Handyong was assisted by Oryol in killing many of them, which lead tinged the Bicol River red with blood. The survivors were banished, along with Sarimao, to Mount Kulasi.

BONGGO - the most feared minister of Aswang. It has sunken eyes that flashed fire. It was a ferocious, large, muscular black humanoid. It has long, black hair, ugly hairy face and with sharp claws. It was vengeful and utterly cruel.

BONGGO

BONGO - Bonggo, the dreaded minister of the deity Aswang, instilled fear with its fiery, sunken eyes. This formidable being was a massive, muscular black humanoid, adorned with long, black hair and a repulsively hairy face. Armed with razor-sharp claws, Bonggo embodied ferocity and cruelty, displaying vengeful tendencies that struck terror into the hearts of those who encountered it.

Bonggo

BONGGO – Bonggo is a humanoid monster with eyes that emit fire, capable of burning everything in its sight. It avoids crossing rivers since contact with water extinguishes its fiery gaze, leading to its demise. Bonggo is often in search of its wife, the aswang, who left it, and its victims are primarily women.

Bonggo

BONGO - Bonggo, the dreaded minister of Aswang, struck fear into the hearts of all. Its sunken eyes emitted fiery flashes, creating an ominous aura. This ferocious entity stood as a large, muscular black humanoid with long, black hair and a visage adorned with ugly hair. Its sharp claws were formidable weapons, and a vengeful and cruel demeanor characterized Bonggo's every move.

BONGO

SARIMAO – Avenging monsters in the Ibalong Epic, Sarimao target evildoers, appearing ugly and ruinous.

TIKBALANG – A tall, thin creature, half-human and half-horse, with bony limbs, clawed feet, and long hair. Known for leading people astray in the forest.

KOROKORO The bird-messenger, sometimes black, sometimes brown; if heard at night, people fear that Aswang is around and ready to suck the blood and devour the entrails of sick persons or of babies. It also announces the impending death of a person, if the warbling is followed with the muffled sound of an approaching storm. Any place inhabited by a Korokoro is said to have a resident aswang in its locality.

KOROKORO the avian messenger, whose feathers shift between shades of black and brown. When its nocturnal call echoes, anxiety fills the air, signaling the possible presence of Aswang. In the stillness of the night, people dread the thought of Aswang, notorious for extracting blood and feasting on the entrails of the ailing or infants. Moreover, Korokoro's melodic warble, coupled with the muted rumble of an approaching storm, forewarns of an impending demise. Legend has it that wherever Korokoro resides, an Aswang lurks in the vicinity.

Agama
A colossal crab that resides in the crater of Mount Isarog, tasked with guarding the mountain. Legend says that if this Agama is disturbed in its slumber, the mountain will not erupt with lava, but with a deluge of water and enormous rocks, threatening the surrounding land.

Angongolkol
This eerie tale tells of a man transformed into a black water fairy, guarding the rivers of Mount Isarog. Known as Angongolkol, his presence instilled fear, especially in children and women, who avoided being alone by the river, where he was believed to reside.

Bulawang Baka
The Golden Cow of Mount Isarog served as a traditional weather omen for the local people. Whenever this mystical creature was seen flying from one mountain to another, such as from Isarog to Tinambac or Lagonoy, it signaled an impending calamity, warning the villagers to prepare for disaster.

Puting Kabayo
A magical white horse that soars through the skies, the Puting Kabayo is said to protect the forests of Mount Isarog. This guardian spirit patrols the woods to safeguard the habitats of all the living creatures that dwell within.

Engkanto
Enchanting and beautiful, the Engkanto, or mountain fairies, dwell in Mount Isarog to protect its natural resources. These guardians ensure that the forest remains untouched by illegal loggers and intruders. Those who trespass in the mountain’s tranquility may find themselves lost in the woods or caught in a sudden storm.

Ang Kasili
A gigantic freshwater eel that slumbers within Mount Isarog, the Kasili serves as one of the mountain's ancient protectors. Local lore claims that disturbing this guardian will awaken its fury, and the mountain will soon unleash destruction.

Engkantadong Kabinag
This mystical creature, sometimes referred to as the "Kabinag," is a handsome water spirit with long black hair, often seen wearing white. The Kabinag lives underwater in the brooks and waterfalls of Mount Isarog, safeguarding them from harm. Natives from Pili and Tigaon speak of this spirit, warning that those who become lost while swimming in the waterfalls may have angered the Kabinag.

Engkantadong Kabinag

Sir-it
A dwarf-like or tiny human-like figure, Sir-it is said to dwell in Mount Isarog, particularly around the waters of Tigaon. This small creature is believed to protect the area's natural springs and water sources.

Sir-it

Taong Mahibo
A giant, hairy man who roams the forests of Mount Isarog, Taong Mahibo is said to be a protector of the mountain’s ancient trees. He defends the forest against illegal loggers, ensuring that the woods remain preserved.

Ogro (Bicol Mythology)

The Ogro is a terrifying monster from Bicolano folklore that feeds on humans, especially those who are selfish and cruel. This giant, black creature watches over children as they sleep, ready to hit their heads with a wooden hammer if they rest at the same level as their parents' pillows. It's believed that children who do this may grow up to be disrespectful.

Kudo-kudo (Bicol Mythology)

The Kudo-kudo is an unseen creature from Bicolano mythology, known for the sound it makes when walking. Accompanied by mosquitoes, it lives under houses, in dark, damp spaces, and is often dirty. Small and round with needle-thin limbs and a jar-like body, it prefers hiding in wet jars. If disturbed, the Kudo-kudo can cause shivering and fever, often mistaken for malaria.

DUENDE

DWENDE – Dwendes are short, long-bearded old men dwelling in mounds resembling ant hills.

In Bicolano mythology, a Dwende is a magical dwarf-like creature, often depicted as a short, long-bearded old man living in a mound called a ponso. White dwarves are friendly and harmless, living in attics and sometimes heard laughing, while black dwarves are mischievous and can bring illness or misfortune. Dwendes often steal food, money, or objects they fancy. They live in mounds, and if someone urinates on their home, they may cause bongao (genital inflammation). Dwende are generally helpful but can cause illness or death if offended. It’s advised to take clothes inside before dark to prevent them from being stolen by dwendes.

ENGKANTO

ENGKANTOS – Enchanted creatures inhabiting the world, Engkantos(Tamawo,Dalakitnon) Belived ti have come from Visayan parts of the Philippines. In Bicol mythology, Engkanto are elf-like creatures, tall, pale, and extremely attractive, with leaf-shaped, pointed ears. These enchanted beings are known to abduct women they find appealing. Engkantos can bring either great misfortune or exceptional luck to people. Those who fall out of their favor may experience depression, madness, or even disappear for days or months, possibly due to being possessed by the Engkanto. They are also believed to cause illnesses such as fevers and skin diseases like boils.

Engkantos come in many forms, much like humans. They are magical beings that can transform into various shapes—sometimes appearing as a dog, cat, beggar, or a handsome man—to enchant humans. They inhabit the world around us and can see people, but remain invisible unless they choose to reveal themselves. Before bathing in a river, it's customary to ask for their permission. When visible, they are described as extremely white or glowing. If an Engkanto becomes angry or falls in love with a human, the person might fall ill or even die.

Despite their human-like appearance and habits, Engkantos envy humans for their ability to live and enjoy the visible world. When children are left alone, Engkantos sometimes take pity on them and bring them into their magical realm.

DIWATA

DIWATA - lesser deities and nature spirits. Powerful and beautiful creatures that protect nature spirits. Often depicted as beautiful beings associated with the acacia and balete tree. Powerful being assisted by the small winged fairies called lambana.

Diwata

LAMBANA -Lambana are small fairies in Philippine and Bicol mythology, standing a few inches to a foot tall, with delicate builds, translucent wings like butterflies, and nature-inspired attire. They possess a magical glow, can change size, and are associated with Batala and Katambay in Bicolano Mythology. In Tagalog Mythology, lambana are winged beings synchronized with Diwata, radiating a glow, assisting good-hearted individuals, and sometimes transforming into monsters if a Diwata experiences heartbreak. They appear in contemporary Filipino shows, showcasing both their beauty and darker tales. The reminder emphasizes the dynamic and evolving nature of Philippine mythology, distinct from standardized Western mythologies.

Lambana

Lambana - -Lambana are small fairies with delicate builds, translucent wings like butterflies,possess a magical glow, can change size or turn humalike

Lambana

lambana - small humanoid winged creatures, beautiful but vicous with sharp teeth

BONḠAN – Demonic dwarves and malignant spirits of the early Bicolanos.

TUPONG-TUPONG - An ugly hominoid that could be as tall as a tree when it chanced to stand beside one or as short and puffed up when beside a child or any short object. It could hide anywhere and took the height and size of whatever object or structure it chooses. It was the bogey plastic creature of the ancient Bikol world. KIKIK was a nocturnal bird of ill-omen (paligsok). Its call signified the death of a person in a tribe. Some even suspected that a Kikik was Aswang disguised as a bird. When heard at night, people would cower for fear and invoke the protection of the Anitos or of Gugurang.

WAK-WAK The Wakwak is a vampiric, bird-like creature in Philippine mythology. It is said to snatch humans at night as prey, similar to the Manananggal and the Ekek in rural areas of the Philippines, due to its ability to fly. The difference between the Mananggal and the Wakwak is that Wakwak cannot separate its torso from its body while the Manananggal can. Some believe it is also a form a vampire takes. Other people contend that a "Wakwak" is a Philippine night bird belonging to a witch. The sound of a Wakwak is usually associated with the presence of an Unglu (vampire) or Ungo (ghost or monster). It is also believed that this monster is called "Wakwak" due to this sound it makes when it flaps its wings while flying. When one hears the Wakwak, it is looking for possible victims. If the sound of the Wakwak is loud, it means it is far from you. Otherwise, it is near and worse yet, it is about to attack. It slashes and mutilates its victims and feeds on their hearts.

wak-wak

wak.wak

BURINGCANTADA - Buringcantada is a giant with one eye in the middle of his forehead and with two long tusks that projected from the sides of his mouth

BURING was a monster with one eye and three throats, it howled in three different tones, it lived in the swamps of Ponong. Its body was covered with black, sharp hair that was unbearably itchy when touched. It has sharp claws and sharp teeth.

BUGSOK – Dark fairies, half-human half engkanto.

DIDIT – Didit, an earth cricket, chirps at night, symbolizing the death of a relative.

IBINGAN - huge red serpent with multiple fins and horns.

IBINGAN - A huge serpent with red scales. Turns multi colored when it is calm, turns red when angry and about to attack

IBINGAN - a multi-horned red serpent, with a fin on its head and back. It spitted poison when angry but whistled beautifully when happy. It perched on top of rocks close to the mouth of caves where the deadly mermaids dwell, and protected them from harm. It crushed its victim from sheer weight of impact.

KABALAN – Horse-like creatures

KABALAN - Gorilla

KADU-KADU – A small creature with pointed ears, Kadu-kadu possesses a larger upper body than the lower part.

KIKIK – The kikik, believed to be an aswang's emissary, produces distinct sounds, indicating the presence of an aswang. Some perceive it as a large owl or a bat with exceptional vision.

KUDO-KUDO – Kudo-kudo, an unseen creature accompanied by mosquitoes, frequents kitchens, consuming salt. It dwells in dark, damp spaces and can harm people when hurt.

KURAKPAO – An untidy creature with thick, disheveled hair and big, piercing eyes, Kurakpao carries a bat-shaped piece of wood and is ready to attack.

LAKI - A Laki is a creature with an upper body that resembles that of a human. It boasts a well-defined chest, muscular arms, and a human-like, albeit ugly, face. The lower body of the Laki is distinctly goat-like, characterized by hooved legs and a fur-covered hindquarter

LAQUI - is a type of Asuang that are once Yasaw who have tasted human blood. The once playful pranksters will become flesh eating monsters once they taste human blood.

LAKI - a monster that Yasaw would turn into, when punished by Aswang for its lazyness in scaring people. It has hooves and skin like those of a goat and the ugly face of a human being. It appeared at night and surprised night travelers with its shrill, piercing sound, but it was incapable of killing people.

Laqui (Laki)

LAYUG/LAYAP – Layug or Layap can transform into a flying or disappearing creature at will.

MAMBABARANG – A witch who inflicts harm using insects and spirits, Mambabarangs use black magic to torment and eventually kill victims by infesting their bodies.

MANANGILAW or MANANG HILAW – Hairy humanoid giants residing in mountains and caves described with big feet, covered in black hair, and using vines to catch fish.

MANONOPSOP – A witch with a long, sucking tongue that extends meters, Manonopsop drains the blood of sleeping victims, especially pregnant women.

ONGLO – A small, hairy creature causing itching when touched. Onglo, with a man's upper body and horse's lower body, feeds on sun-dried food.

PATYANAK - a fusion of an untimely discharged human foetus and a tiny black bird. Fully grown, it has big round ears and a completely bald head, Its mournful wailing resembled that of an infant, if heard at night by a conceiving woman it would cause a miscarriage.

PATYANAK - Patyanak, a frightening entity, is a fusion of an untimely discharged human fetus and a tiny black bird. Upon reaching maturity, it exhibits distinctive features such as large round ears and a completely bald head. Its eerie, mournful wailing closely resembles that of an infant, and if heard during the night by a pregnant woman, it is believed to induce a miscarriage.

PANTIYANAK – The spirit of an aborted baby, the Pantiyanak seeks revenge on its mother. In its true form, it devours humans rapidly, resembling an old man with sharp, protruding teeth.

Bangkilan

BANGKILAN - The Bangkilan is a type of Aswang fabled for their beauty and ferocity and shape-shifting abilities, present in oral mythology and folklore all over from Visayas to Bicol most prominent stories agree they are situated in Palawan

Anduduno is a terrifying Filipino ghoul, a type of aswang, known for feasting on corpses. It has an incredibly strong sense of smell and can detect when someone is terminally ill. When a sick person starts to smell like ripe langka (jackfruit) to the Anduduno, it means that the person's death is near. The creature then lingers around the house, waiting for its "meal" to die. After the sick person is buried, the Anduduno digs up the grave and devours the corpse.

PONGO – An ape-like creature resembling an orangutan but larger.

POPO – A tall, slender creature with a pig-like snort, Popo drains energy from humans and animals using its eyes.

TAGO-NGIRIT – A creature half-hidden behind trees, Tago-ngirit wears a big smile, feared by children playing hide and seek.

TAMBALUSLOS – A humanoid creature with pig penis, Tambaluslos chases people in the woods, finding hilarity in victims who wear clothes upside-down.

TIKTIK OR WAKWAK – Birds and pets of the aswang, Tik-tik and Wak-wak announce the coming of their master at night.

TINGOHAN – A creature with big, sharp teeth that stays in the dark, causing fear among children playing hide and seek at night.

TUPONG-TUPONG – A humanoid creature capable of stretching its body to varying heights.

UNGMANAN – An unseen dweller of nature, Ungmanan causes sickness to those disrespecting nature, requiring healing rituals.

YASAW - creature that hid under the shadow of trees during moonlit nights. It delighted itself by scaring people. Should it be seen and at the same time a cry resembling that of an infant was heard or imagined, then somebody was going to die soon, for an Aswang was on the prowl.

YASAW - Yasaw, mischievous creatures Resembling dark-skinned small children, the Yasaw are known for their playful nature and love for pranks. Despite their mischief, they do not harm humans but rather aim to create fear and amusement. In Bicol mythology it is a creature favoired by Asuang. A misunderstanding between Gugurang and a Yasaw leads to divine retribution and intensifies Asuang's anger. The Yasaw's playful pranks unravel within the mythical realm of Ibalong, showcasing their distinctive role in the pre-colonial folklore of Bicol.

In Bicolano mythology, like in many other Philippine folk traditions, spiritual beings are ranked in a form of hierarchy, with each having specific roles and powers. Here’s a possible interpretation of the Bicolano spiritual caste system:

Supreme Deity

GUGURANG

Gugurang

kaitaas taasan

diyos ng mga diyos

Anito ng mga anito

diwata ng mga diwata

Gugurang: The supreme god of Bicolano mythology, Gugurang is the ruler of the heavens and the chief god who maintains cosmic order. He resides in Mount Mayon and wields the power to control lightning and fire, which he uses to enforce his will and ensure balance in the universe. Gugurang represents the ultimate authority, law, and goodness, governing over both gods and humans.
Gugurang is depicted as a powerful and fair deity, embodying the principles of justice and balance. He is described as a tall, muscular man with silver hair, wearing white clothing. His fairness is captured in the saying "si Gugurang Masuripot," which translates to "Gugurang is fair to all." His association with fire symbolizes both literal warmth and enlightenment. The fire of Gugurang is believed to be the source of the warmth for Mount Mayon and the region of Ibalong, representing divine knowledge and power.

Gugurang

Domain: Fire, light, lightning, Mount Mayon
Attributes: Supreme Bicolano deity, commanding light, fire, and, in some myths, lightning. Gugurang is depicted as tall, muscular, with silver hair. He is associated with Mount Mayon and represents justice and punishment.
The fire of Gugurang is both a literal and symbolic element, representing the divine power and knowledge that keeps Mount Mayon and the land warm. Gugurang commands two significant subordinates, Lightning (Linti) and Thunder (Dalogdog), who act as instruments of his punishment. His command over these elements underscores his supremacy and the balance he maintains in the cosmos.
Gugurang commands the Katambay and the Katambang, mythological beings that play crucial roles in his divine order. The Katambay are guardian spirits that protect humans, while the Katambang are formidable half-man, half-bird creatures that can both defend against evil and act as emissaries of Gugurang. These beings help maintain order and balance in the world, further affirming Gugurang’s supreme status.

The fire of Gugurang is both a literal and symbolic element, representing the divine power and knowledge that keeps Mount Mayon and the land warm. Gugurang commands two significant subordinates, Lightning (Linti) and Thunder (Dalogdog), who act as instruments of his punishment. His command over these elements underscores his supremacy and the balance he maintains in the cosmos.

High Gods

ASUANG

Asuang

Asuang: The god of chaos, evil, and mischief, often considered the adversary of Gugurang. Asuang lives in the underworld and commands dark spirits, symbolizing disorder and destruction. He contrasts with Gugurang and is sometimes seen as his counterpart.
Asuang
- Domain: Darkness, chaos (Malevolent deity)
- Attributes: Initially equal to Gugurang but later overshadowed by him. Asuang is depicted as a dark and evil god with an unattractive true form revealed by moonlight. Despite his malevolent nature, he was a friend to Bulan and father to Oryol.
- Asuang is one of the most powerful deities in Bicolano mythology, often seen as the counterpart to Gugurang, the supreme god of light and goodness. Asuang and Gugurang are depicted as rivals, representing the cosmic duality between good and evil. While Gugurang embodies fire, light, and order, Asuang is the lord of darkness, chaos, and destruction.
- Asuang’s rivalry with Gugurang solidifies his place as a high god. Initially, the two were considered equals until Gugurang proved his superiority by wielding the sacred fire. Despite this, Asuang’s persistent attempts to challenge Gugurang, such as trying to steal the sacred fire, indicate his immense ambition and power. His status as a direct challenger to the supreme god highlights his role as a key figure in the Bicolano pantheon, capable of affecting the balance of good and evil.
  Asuang Bicolano deity
- Asuang is referred to as the lord of the aswangs because of his control over malevolent creatures that align with his domain of darkness and chaos. The aswangs are shapeshifting monsters in Filipino folklore that represent fear, death, and the unknown. They prey on the living, feeding on flesh or blood, and are often feared for their ability to blend in with humans during the day and transform into horrifying creatures at night.
- As the god of chaos, Asuang’s domain includes destruction, decay, and the darker aspects of life. His ability to disrupt order, challenge Gugurang, and control malevolent beings highlights his significant role in the pantheon. Asuang is the source of calamity, evil deeds, and misfortune, making him a necessary counterpart to the forces of good.
- Asuang's status as a high god comes from his ability to instill fear and represent the darker side of human existence. He embodies the fears of death, suffering, and the unknown, which are universal elements of life. Asuang's power lies in his ability to tap into these primal fears and unleash malevolent forces like the aswangs, who symbolize the most feared aspects of death and the supernatural.
- Asuang’s friendship with Bulan, the moon god, adds another layer to his character. Despite being a dark and malevolent god, Asuang is friends with Bulan, the god of the moon and beauty. This connection suggests that Asuang is not solely defined by evil, but by a complex duality. His friendship with Bulan shows that even the god of chaos has connections to the celestial order and is capable of interacting with both light and darkness.
  Asuang
- Influence Over Night Creatures while Bulan, as the embodiment of the moon, calms and tames night creatures like aswangs. Asuang literally has dominion over the asuang horde. Asuang’s association with Bulan indicates his deep connection to the night, further reinforcing his dominion over creatures like aswangs, who are active at night. While Bulan may soothe these creatures, they ultimately remain under the influence of Asuang.
- One of the greatest displays of Asuang's power in Bicolano mythology was his release of the beasts, monsters, and demons from the underworld (Gagamban)—and the creation of the Aswang race. He achieved this using black stones and black chicks. Originally pearls and stones from Asuang, these black chicks transform into birds that the Aswang use to pass their powers down to their descendants.

LANGUITON

Langit

Languiton
Languiton

Domain: Sky, flying creatures
Attributes: Primal god of the sky, representing purity, truth, and stability. He rules over all aerial beings and embodies the clear blue skies.

TUBIGAN

Tubigan

Tubigan - The god of water and the celestial ocean, ruling over all swimming creatures. He is associated with material abundance and the sustenance provided by water.

DAGAT

Dagat - The divine embodiment of the seas and the daughter of Tubigan (or Languiton, according to some stories). She represents the sea and, in her union with Paros, played a crucial role in the creation of other gods

BITUOON

Bituoon

Bituoon fair and kind goddess of the stars known for her beauty and gentleness

ADLAO

Adlao

Adlao represents the sun, a vital force in almost all mythological traditions. As the god of the sun, he embodies light, warmth, and life, which are crucial for the survival of the earth and its inhabitants. The sun's influence on growth, time, and the cycle of day and night places Adlao in a significant cosmic role.

As the embodiment of the sun, Adlao is indirectly responsible for growth, fertility, and life on earth. In many mythologies, sun gods are tied to agriculture and prosperity, as the sun's energy is necessary for crops to grow and for life to flourish. This association with life-giving forces further solidifies Adlao's status as a high god.

BULAN

Bulan

Bulan As the god of the moon, Bulan holds a significant place in Bicolano cosmology, often symbolizing beauty, calm, and light in contrast to darker forces. His position as a celestial deity places him among the more powerful gods who control major elements of the natural world, similar to Haliya, the moon goddess, with whom Bulan shares mythological connections.

Bulan

Bulan's power over the moon allows him to calm and control creatures of the night, including aswangs and other dark entities. The moon is often seen as a source of light in the darkness, a force that tames the wildness of the night. In Bicolano mythology, Bulan’s presence provides balance between the peaceful, gentle aspects of the night and the potential chaos that creatures like aswangs could bring. His calm, docile nature and his ethereal beauty are believed to have a pacifying effect on these malevolent beings.

Bulan

As a god placed in the Kamurayan (the heavens) by Gugurang, Bulan plays a central role in lighting the night sky. controlling the waves and calming the seas.
Symbolic Light in the Darkness: Bulan, as the god of the moon, provides a calming light in the dark night, which has a pacifying effect on night creatures. His presence as a force of beauty and tranquility contrasts with the chaotic, malevolent nature of aswangs and other night monsters, thus soothing them.

HALIYA

Haliya

Haliya
Domain: Moonlight, strength in women
Attributes: The sister and confidant of Bulan, Haliya is strong and protective. She is depicted as a very lovely young woman weilding a kampilan(sword) who wears a mask to hide her beauty. Haliya was convinced by the wind people to descend to Earth and bathe. She is worshipped by women and symbolizes feminine strength. The dance ritual Halea is named after her. Haliya is known as the arch-enemy of Bakunawa, defending Bulan from the threat of the moon-devouring serpent.

Haliya goddess of moonlight

As the goddess of moonlight and a powerful figure in protecting Bulan, Haliya holds a significant position in the pantheon. Her role in defending the moon and her symbolic association with feminine strength and protection elevate her status to that of a high deity.
Haliya is the Arch-enemy of Bacunawa

MAGINDANG

Magindang

Magindang
- Domain: Sea, fishing
- Attributes: Powerful god of the sea and its creatures, venerated by fishermen. Depicted as tall and muscular with long flowing hair. He admired Bulan, influencing the tides. He was tricked by Oryol, which led to tragic events.
Patron of Fishermen: As the patron of fishermen, Magindang is crucial to the daily lives of Bicolanos who depend on the sea for their sustenance. Fishermen pray to him for bountiful catches and safe voyages.

Maguindang

Protector and Provider: He is invoked not only for good fishing but also for protection against dangers at sea. This role as a protector enhances his significance and reverence among coastal communities.
Mythological Significance: Magindang is associated with powerful and dramatic myths, including his interactions with other deities and creatures. Stories of his battles, alliances, and influence over natural phenomena like tides and earthquakes contribute to his high status. He is also known to admire the luminous moon and the moon deity Bulan and the reason is to why the tides would rise towards the moon.
Cultural Importance: Historically, Magindang’s veneration was integral to the lives of coastal people, making him a key figure in their spiritual and everyday lives. This cultural connection underscores his importance as a high god.

BAKUNAWA

Bakunawa
Bacunawa is associated with the deep and underworld, a domain that encompasses powerful and cosmic aspects of existence. Her role as the cause of eclipses and her connection with the underworld elevate her status to that of a high god. The underworld and celestial phenomena like eclipses are crucial elements in the cosmic order, giving Bacunawa considerable divine authority.
Bacunawa’s ability to cause eclipses by attempting to devour the moon demonstrates her significant impact on celestial events. This power over major cosmic phenomena contributes to her high god status

Physical Form and Power: Bacunawa is often depicted as a huge, eel-like dragon or fish-dragon with immense size and power. Her form as a great beast reflects her raw, primal force and her capacity for destruction. This physical representation aligns with her role in causing eclipses, a dramatic and fearsome phenomenon.
When Bakunawa first saw Bulan, the androgynous god of the moon, she fell deeply in love with him. Bulan’s beauty and radiant presence captivated her, and she longed for him to be hers. Bakunawa, once a Naga goddess, admired Bulan from afar while he bathed with his nymphs in Ibalong. Her attempts to get close to him were thwarted as Bulan, playful and absorbed in his activities with mermaids, didn’t notice her.
Feeling hurt and rejected, Bakunawa became enraged and vowed to claim Bulan for herself. That night, she transformed into a massive fish-dragon and attempted to devour the moon. This led to a fierce battle with Haliya, the dominant twin goddess who protected Bulan. From then on, Haliya and Bakunawa became fierce enemies, with their conflict manifesting in the celestial struggles we see in the night sky.
Role in Myths: Bacunawa’s attempts to devour the moon and her subsequent battles with deities like Haliya emphasize her role as a great beast. Her actions are characterized by their grand scale and the profound impact they have on the mythological world, fitting the archetype of a powerful and fearsome creature
.Bakunawa, being a creature associated with the sea and often depicted as a giant sea serpent, is deeply moved by Bulan’s beauty. This admiration and infatuation can be seen as a natural response to the moon’s captivating and divine presence.

Minor Gods of Bicol mythology

Onos

Unos

Onos is associated with storms, deluges, and floodwaters, which are major forces of nature with significant impact on human life and the environment. His control over these powerful elements
he has dominion over essential and potentially destructive natural phenomena. His ability to send storms and floods Despite his power, Onos is considered a minor god because his domain is more specific compared to the supreme deities like Gugurang or Asuang. While he wields considerable power within his domain of storms and floods, he does not have the same broad, overarching influence or cosmic significance as the higher gods.
Although he has substantial power over storms and floods, Onos does not have the same breadth of influence or cosmic role as the top-tier deities. His worship is concentrated around specific natural phenomena rather than a wide range of divine attributes.

Linti and Dalogdog

Linti at Dalogdog

Linti

Domain: Lightning
Attributes: A handsome young deity who commands lightning. Linti obeys Gugurang and is a symbol of divine punishment.
Linti (god of lightning) and Dologdog (god of thunder) are depicted as vassals of Gugurang, the supreme deity of the Bicolano pantheon. Gugurang controls the sacred fire and is the god of light and goodness, and Linti and Dologdog act under his command to punish evildoers and maintain order in the mortal world. This subordination to a more powerful god inherently places them in the minor god tier because they are agents carrying out the will of a higher deity, rather than wielding independent divine authority.

Linti is the god of lightning, and he is often described as a young man with a thousand silver spears (representing lightning bolts).
Unlike high gods who have broad domains and influence over significant aspects of the cosmos (like creation, destruction, or fundamental natural forces), Linti and Dologdog have specific, limited roles tied to natural phenomena—lightning and thunder.
Their roles are vital but confined to weather-related events, which distinguishes them from high gods whose influence spans greater cosmic or existential themes. Minor gods typically oversee particular elements or functions in nature, as Linti and Dologdog do with storms and thunderstorms.

tempted by Asuang. Another reason Linti and Dologdog are considered minor gods is their susceptibility to manipulation. Asuang, the god of chaos and evil, nearly convinced them to join his rebellion against Gugurang. Although they ultimately did not succeed in this betrayal, the fact that they were tempted shows that they are not as steadfast or autonomous as higher gods, further cementing their status as lesser, minor deities.
Their defeat of Apolaki can be seen as a moment of divine justice or punishment, but it does not alter their primary role as agents of Gugurang’s will. Their place in the pantheon remains one of vassals or enforcers, rather than high gods with autonomous influence.

Linti and Dalogdog

Dalogdog

Domain: Thunder
Attributes: Brother of Linti, the god of thunder. He is depicted as riding a storm cloud and is also a vassal of Gugurang. He played a role in the reduction of Mt. Malinao’s size.
Linti and Dologdog often accompany Gugurang’s wrath in the form of thunderstorms, lightning strikes, and natural calamities, punishing mortals who have committed wrongdoing. However, their actions are always directed by Gugurang, showing that their power is derived from their relationship with him.
despite their notable power, govern only thunder and lightning, important but narrow domains. Their defeat of Apolaki is a display of their strength within their specialized area, but it doesn't translate into the broader, cosmic authority that high gods possess.
Linti and Dologdog, as minor deities, would likely be invoked primarily in connection with storms, punishment, and specific events where lightning or thunder is significant.

Kalapitnan

Kalapitnan

Kalapitnan
- Domain: Bats
- Attributes: God of bats, depicted with white feathers or in various bat-like forms. He is a neutral deity with no allegiance to Gugurang or Asuang.
Sidapa

Sidapa

- Sidapa
- Bulans divine consort Sidapa's status as a minor god in Bicolano mythology, despite being a prominent high god in Visayan mythology
- In Bicolano mythology, Sidapa is sometimes viewed primarily as a consort to Bulan, the moon god.

OKOT

Okot

Okot
Specific Domain: Okot is associated with forests, birds, and hunting, focusing on specific aspects of the natural world and human activities.
Colonial Influence: The transformation of Okot from a powerful god into a tiny dwarf reflects the broader historical context of Spanish colonization. Spanish colonizers often sought to undermine and belittle indigenous deities to assert the dominance of Christianity and diminish the influence of native beliefs.
In Bicolano mythology, Okot is revered as the god of forests, birds, and the hunt. His domain encompasses the natural world and the vital role of hunting, which is central to the Bicolano way of life. Okot is depicted as a tall, muscular figure with brown skin, adorned with beautiful leaves and equipped with a bow and arrow. His image reflects his profound connection to nature and his essential role in providing sustenance to the community. Not only does Okot symbolize astuteness, wisdom, and craftiness in the hunt, but he also possesses a golden belt filled with seeds and herbs with powerful healing properties, further underscoring his dual role as provider and healer

Okot

Belittlement: By turning Okot into a dwarf, the colonizers symbolically reduced his power and stature, reinforcing the idea that indigenous deities were inferior to the Christian God. This transformation can be seen as part of a broader strategy to undermine indigenous spirituality and promote the superiority of the new religion.
Cultural Suppression: The reduction of Okot’s significance reflects the colonizers' efforts to suppress and replace indigenous cultural practices and religious beliefs. By depicting deities as powerless or ridiculous, they aimed to erode respect for traditional gods and facilitate the adoption of Christianity.
Okot's status as a minor deity is a result of his specialized domain, the historical impact of colonization, and his comparatively limited role in broader mythological narratives. His transformation into a dwarf reflects the broader colonial efforts to belittle and undermine indigenous deities, illustrating the complex interactions between local beliefs and external influences.

BATALA

Batala

Batala

He comes sometimes in a form of a bird or a great eagle and is believed

Batala

Role as a Mediator: Bathala's role is more focused on commanding the "anito" or ancestral spirits and providing assistance in times of trouble. This role, while important, is more specialized compared to the broader and more influential roles of other deities.
Symbolic Representation: Bathala is often depicted in a specific form, such as a bird or eagle, and is invoked through a wooden figure with four wings. This symbolic representation may contribute to his perception as a minor deity, as his worship is more ritualistic and less widespread compared to deities with more extensive mythological narratives.

Supreme Demons or Malevolent Deities

These beings hold immense power and often challenge or counterbalance the influence of the gods. They are seen as embodiments of chaos, destruction, or evil on a cosmic scale, directly opposing divine beings who maintain order.

Asuang: The god of chaos and evil, he is the main antagonist to Gugurang, the supreme god. Asuang represents the primal forces of darkness, destruction, and disorder, often leading or controlling other malevolent beings in Bicolano mythology.

NAGINED, ARAPAYAN AT MAKBARUBAK

Nagined, Arapayan and Makbarubak

Nagined, Arapayan, and Makabarubak: The trinity of demons who might serve as powerful assistants to Asuang or embody specific forms of destruction, disease, or chaos. Their influence could extend to both the human and supernatural realms.
Allies of Asuang: Their alliance with Asuang, the god of evil and chaos, further solidifies their status as high demons. This association emphasizes their role as active participants in malevolent schemes and highlights their alignment with forces of disorder.

Nagined Arapayan Magkaburak (Makbarubak)

Sowers of Chaos: Naguined, Magkaburak, and Arapayan are associated with causing harm and chaos. They are invoked when individuals seek to inflict pain or create disruption. Their primary function in Bicolano mythology is to embody and enact destruction, making them central figures in the domain of malevolent deities.
Allies of Asuang: Their alliance with Asuang, the god of evil and chaos, further solidifies their status as high demons. This association emphasizes their role as active participants in malevolent schemes and highlights their alignment with forces of disorder.

Mastery of Poisons: The trio's ability to create potent poisons, including those in the form of oil, symbolizes their control over harmful and destructive substances. This alchemical artistry is both a literal and metaphorical representation of their capacity for causing affliction and chaos.
Immortal Heart: The mythological detail of their immortal heart, which can transform into a golden horseshoe crab, adds an element of paradox to their character. This creature produces a healing oil, suggesting that despite their malevolent nature, they possess the power to provide remedies, reflecting the duality of their influence.
Cultural Differences: In Visayan mythology, Naguined is seen as a goddess of war and poisons with a more complex, sometimes benevolent role. However, in Bicolano mythology, the same figure is perceived as a malevolent war god, illustrating how cultural perspectives can shift based on regional interpretations and historical conflicts.
Symbolism of Tattoos: The tattoos of Naguined, Magkaburak, and Arapayan, which were initially perceived as symbols of divine strength, become markers of their malevolence. In Bicolano culture, tattooing evolved as a protective measure against these foreign deities, reflecting the cultural adaptation to external threats and the shifting perceptions of these entities.

Naguined, Magkaburak, and Arapayan are considered high demons in Bicolano mythology due to their origins as foreign deities, their role as agents of chaos and destruction, their malevolent attributes, and their association with the god Asuang

KANLAON

Kan-Laon

Kan Laon as Laon is a prominent (goddess)deity in the Visayan pantheon, associated with creation and agriculture. In Bicolano mythology, his role is limited, and he is often regarded as a lesser deity because he does not have a significant influence or direct connection with the major themes and myths of the Bicolano gods. Kan Laon’s status as a high demon in Bicolano mythology is rooted in his role as a powerful and malevolent force of nature, embodying the destructive aspects of the natural world.
Destructive Force: Kan Laon is associated with volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and earthquakes, representing the most formidable natural disasters. His dominion over such catastrophic events highlights his immense power and the fear he inspires. This destructive capability elevates him to a high status among malevolent deities, as his influence can cause widespread devastation.

Kanlaon

foreign deity Introduction from Visayas: Kan Laon is considered a foreign deity in Bicolano mythology, brought over from Visayan beliefs. His introduction into the Bicolano pantheon adds a layer of complexity and depth to local mythology. As a powerful figure with a background in another cultural context, his presence amplifies his perceived power and influence.
Intimidating Appearance: Kan Laon is depicted as a towering, muscular figure with dark skin and golden tattoos. This fearsome portrayal emphasizes his menacing nature and the awe he commands. His physical attributes are symbolic of his dominance and his role as an agent of chaos.
The enmity between Kan Laon and Gugurang, the supreme deity of Bicolano mythology, represents a cosmic struggle between destruction and creation, chaos and order. Kan Laon’s wrath, manifested through locust swarms and wildfires, contrasts sharply with Gugurang’s role as a protector and creator. This conflict underscores Kan Laon’s high status as a principal antagonist in the mythological narrative

Visayan Context: In Visayan mythology, Kan Laon holds a different role, often depicted as a powerful deity of fire and creation. The contrasting depictions in Bicolano and Visayan mythologies reflect the duality of his nature. While he is a malevolent deity in Bicolano lore, his role in Visayan mythology also encompasses aspects of creation and agriculture, showing his complex and multifaceted nature.
Duality of Nature: Despite his malevolent aspects, Kan Laon’s association with agriculture and natural forces in Visayan mythology highlights the duality inherent in many deities. His power over elements that both sustain and destroy life reflects the balance between benevolence and wrath in ancient belief systems.
, Kan Laon’s status as a high demon in Bicolano mythology is due to his formidable power over natural disasters, his fearsome depiction, and his role in the cosmic struggle against Gugurang. His presence in Bicolano mythology as a foreign deity with a strong malevolent influence underscores the complexity and depth of his character across different cultural narratives.

NATURE SPIRITS (diwata)

DIWATA

diwata

Diwata

Diwata

DEMI GODS

Oryol

Oryol

Handiong

Handiong

Panganoron

ANCESTRAL SPIRITS (anito)

Katambay
Anito

NATURE FAIRIES AND LESSER SPIRITS

Lambana (fairies and assisting higher diwata)

Lambana

Naga (rain mermaids, snake maidens and water spirits)

Engkantos (Tamawo,Dalaketnon)

engkanto (Tamawo)

Engkanto (Dalaketnon)

Duende (puting duende)

Great Beasts

Great Beasts are ancient and powerful creatures linked to significant mythological events or cosmic forces. They often symbolize primal, untamable forces of nature, and their actions can influence both the physical and spiritual worlds.

Bakunawa: A gigantic sea serpent or dragon that attempts to devour the moon (Bulan). Bakunawa is feared for its potential to disrupt cosmic balance and cause natural disasters like lunar eclipses. It represents destructive forces that challenge both gods and humans.

Rabot: A monstrous being that could turn people into stone, representing chaos and disorder in the natural world. Rabot is a formidable threat, fought by heroes like Handiong.

Tandayag sa Opon: A monstrous wild boar slain by the hero Baltog. Though defeated, it represents untamed primal forces in nature and is one of the most feared beasts in the region.

Sarinaw

Apolaki: golden mountain monster, physically super strong, can absorb fire and is fireproof.

Shape-shifters and Night Creatures (Deceptive and Deadly)

ASWANG

Arch-Aswangs upper echelons in Aswang power dynamics, high ranking Aswangs

ArchAswangs

Agaras

Agaras

Hanagob

Hanagob

Bangkilan

Bangkilan

Gabunan

Gabunan

Harimodon

Harimodon

Lower and common Aswangs

AWOK

MOTOG

KIWIG

ASBO

ABWAK

WAK-WAK

KIKIK

TIKTIK

MANDURUGO

Territorial Giants and Forest Beasts (Guardians and Frightening Protectors)

These creatures are known for their immense size, strength, and territorial nature, often haunting forests or isolated places.

Kapre: A large, tree-dwelling giant that is often seen smoking cigars. Though not inherently evil, Kapres can frighten or harm those who venture too close to their territory. They are known for their immense strength and can sometimes trick or scare travelers.

Kapre

Tandayag: A monstrous wild boar that terrorized the Bicol region. It was ultimately slain by the hero Baltog, but it remains a symbol of primal, untamed danger in the wild.

Mischievous and Lesser Demons (Tricksters and Harassers)

These creatures are smaller or less powerful but are still capable of causing harm or distress to humans.

Tambaloslos
Tiyanak: A malevolent spirit that takes the form of a crying baby to lure people into dangerous situations. Once someone approaches, the Tiyanak reveals its true form and attacks. Although smaller and less powerful than beings like the Aswang, it is still a dangerous and feared creature.
Pugot: A headless monster that roams at night, often frightening travelers. Although not as dangerous as the Aswang or Kapre, the Pugot is still associated with death and fear.
Santelmo (St. Elmo’s Fire): A glowing ball of fire believed to be a spirit or wandering soul. While not necessarily harmful, it is often feared for its mysterious and unsettling presence.

Cursed Beings and Evil Spirits (Minor and Annoying Creatures)

These are lesser supernatural entities that might not directly attack humans but cause disturbances or bad luck.

Dwende: Black duende Small, dwarf-like creatures that live in anthills or mounds. Dwendes are mischievous and can bring misfortune or illness to those who disturb their homes. They are not as violent as other monsters but can still cause harm if provoked.

REMINDER

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding, not for appropriation, commercial exploitation, or the promotion of foreigners and foreign products. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Bicolano Myths

Thursday, September 4, 2014

Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures

Supreme Deity

High Gods

Great Beasts

Territorial Giants and Forest Beasts (Guardians and Frightening Protectors)

Mischievous and Lesser Demons (Tricksters and Harassers)

Cursed Beings and Evil Spirits (Minor and Annoying Creatures)

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