Bicolano caste system

 In ancient Bicolano society, there were distinct social classes, each with specific roles and responsibilities. These classes included the dato or principal leaders, the oragon or warriors, the dulujan or day laborers, and the oripon or slaves. The hierarchy was well-defined, with each class playing a crucial part in the community's functioning and governance.

Ruling Class — Maginoo/Kadatuan

Warrior Class —Oragon (Mandirigma)

Timawa — Free people/Commoners

Tributaries — Duluyan

Slaves — Oripon

1. Dato: The dato were the principal leaders or chieftains. They held the highest status in the community and were responsible for governance, decision-making, and leading their people. They wielded significant influence and authority over the other classes.

2. Oragon: The oragon were the warriors of the society. Their status could be acquired through success in battle or through significant debts that led to their service. These warriors were essential for the protection and expansion of their territories and were respected for their bravery and combat skills.

3. Dulujan: The dulujan were the day laborers or tributants. They performed various tasks essential for the community's daily functioning and sustenance. Ministers of worship, known as Asog, were part of this class.

4. Oripon: The oripon were the slaves. They were at the bottom of the social hierarchy and performed the most menial tasks. Their status could be inherited, acquired through capture in war, or as a result of debt.

The Role of Asog and Baliana in Religious Practices

Asog: The Asog were effeminate men who served as ministers of worship. They wore necklaces, earrings, and even dressed as women, mimicking their gestures, speech, and behaviors. Their role in religious ceremonies often included making the audience laugh with their provocative and comical actions. The Asog were typically unmarried, allowing them more freedom to fulfill their religious duties whenever needed. The practice of pagturi, or circumcision, was observed among them, though it did not hold the same religious significance as it did in other cultures.

Baliana: The baliana were women who acted as sacrificial ministers. Known for their cunning, eloquence, and manipulative skills, they played a crucial role in the spiritual and social life of the tribe. They were adept at convincing the tribe of their supernatural abilities and often received gifts for their services. The baliana lived among the common people, serving as consultants and healers, particularly in matters related to illness and suffering. Their influence was significant, and they were often seen as obstacles by missionaries attempting to convert the local population to Christianity.

Oragon: Initially, the term "Oragon" denoted courageous leaders within tribal and colonial contexts. These individuals were known for their martial prowess, bravery, and commitment to protecting their communities. Often, they acquired land and wealth due to their influential positions. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the oragons commanded widespread respect and were quick to oppose instances of oppression, emerging as key figures in the resistance against colonial rule. However, the colonizers sought to undermine their reputation, associating negative connotations with the term "Oragon." Despite this, in ancient Bicolano history, "Oragon" signified strength, bravery, and wisdom—attributes of a dignified and valorous individual.

Cultural and Social Dynamics

The ancient Bicolano society was complex, with each class contributing to its overall structure and function. The dato provided leadership, the oragon ensured protection, the dulujan supported daily operations, and the oripon performed essential labor. Meanwhile, the Asog and baliana played vital roles in religious and cultural practices, maintaining traditions and influencing the spiritual beliefs of the community.

Olden Bikolandia

IBALONG 

          by nature are deeply religious persons and that they inherited their religiosity from their ancestors. They firmly believe that the Supreme Being truly exists. They honor their gods and goddesses as a means of acknowledging their greatness as seen in the relics, artifacts and monuments found in their ancient dwelling places, caves, and personal effects. These erected monuments were mostly tall and mighty signifying their high regard and deep respect to their anitos (ancient gods). Their forebears worshiped Gugurang, their Supreme Being and Mightiest God in their Kamurawayan. Gugurang is their savior and protector from calamities, life challenges, tempest, and evil. He is also their defender against  Aswang  an evil deity who dwells in the gagamban (scorching hell). Native Bicolanos subscribed to the idea that they are always protected and guided by the anitos. They considered that all of their blessings and good fortunes came from God for which they were truly grateful. They also trusted Batala, a lesser god whose mission is to instill peace and order and that all the inhabitants in his reign are living harmoniously and contentedly. They also recognized the other spirits like Katambay, the guardian angels; Okot, god of the forest and hunters-keeper, such that by merely whistling he guided the hunter to a productive hunt. On the hand, the Bicolanos also trusted Magindang, their goddess of the sea which aided the fishermen for an abundant catch through his magical sounds and signals

The early Bicolanos have also peculiar rituals for each deity they are worshiping, one of which is called Atang, or offering through dancing to Gugurang. They are offering their best produce as a thanksgiving token for a bountiful harvest. This rite is also being done to ask God for rains during drought season so they could plant. The ritual is done in their gulang-gulangan or thatch hut serving as prayer room. Their best harvest or himoloan is being offered on the table they called salangat. The ritual is done by means of dancing and singing. Asog, the main priest, dances the taruk, or quick marching steps to worship Gugurang. Sometimes, the baliana would do the dancing in honor of their moon gods(Haliya and Bulan). While singing and dancing, the baliana together with the women are singing the soraque or chant. The group is roaming around the whole community enticing everybody to participate because pag-aatang or atang involves the entire village. The atang ritual starts with the pounding of the gong or patong to invite all the participants and get ready for the ceremony. Then the baliana followed by all the tribesmen marches towards the gulang-gulangan. Next, the baliana and the tribeswomen sing the soraque, the chant for atang to implore for Gugurang’s mercy and compassion. This is followed by a sumptuous banquet, and eventually a merry-making of songs and dances ensue
After the ritual, all the tribesmen and participants become tired and weary as they retreat to the altar and pray There are other earlier studies depicting the ancient rites of the early Bicolanos. Just like the atang or offering, this ritual is also a plea for protection from harm of the evil spirits. The farmers are also doing the ritual of pakikimaherak, to beg for God’s mercy and safekeeping of their farms from pests and diseases. Through their incantations, the natives are also literally begging the pests and other predators to be kind and not to harm their rice fields. According to Reyes, the Tinagba Festival or Pintakasi in Iriga City (a city in Bicol), originated from Atang or thanksgiving to Gugurang. It is led by an effeminate priest called Asog assisted by a baliana. The Atang ceremony ends with a sumptuous meal, raucous songs and dances, drinking spree and oftentimes in a free-for-all rio

The people of Ibalong believed in the gagamban or hell, also kamburagan: paradise and in the kamurayan or heavens. They also believed in  ''liwat na pagkamundag'': reincarnation, rebirth
pagkamundag uli: reincarnation, rebirth. They also have a strong belief in mortals who were given powers or knowledge from the gods

asog: ritualist, priest/ess (feminine male assigned at to be a godspeaker and healer)

balyan: ritualist, priest/ess 

parabawi: an exorcist, referring to anyone who drives evil spirits out of the body so that good spirits may return

parabulong: anyone who administers medicine

hukloban/hokloban/hodoban: witch doctor, malicious sorcerer who killed men and animals, and demolished houses

matanda: a wise old ruler

nuom: clairvoyant; seeing in mind’s eye/imagining something that comes true

parapalad: fortuneteller

pintakasi: defender, patron, patron saint

sunat: a high priest/ess responsible for ordaining the asog and the balyan

tagohalim/tagohalin/taguhalin: shapeshifting sorcerer

tagolainan: a sorcerer.

tuyaw: magtuyaw/tuyawon: to prophesy, paratuyaw: a prophet

Like any of the old colonies and kingdoms in the pre-colonial Philippines, their belief system and prayers revolve around rituals and godspeakers who commune with ancestor spirits and the gods themselves.

Palihon/paliyon/polion is the general term for rituals, beliefs, and taboos, and their preservation.

Rituals are done for the anito and/or gugurang, and sometimes for the tawong-lipod.
Anito/diwata are generally ancestor spirits out in nature.
Gugurang are generally ancestor spirits of the household that come along with a person, namesake for the single supreme deity inside Mount Mayon.

Batala/bathala are a set of special gods/spirits that watch over a village or clan, similar to guardian angels.
The tawong-lipod are spirits of the wind and clouds, believed to be servants of the lunar gods Haliya and Bulan.

The people of old ibalong also believed in the power of spells and charms and certain talismans that hold power and protection

An anting is the name of a physical charm or talisman. Munay is a general ointment.

aguatiempo: a potion which replaces drinking water of sick people in the belief that it will hasten the effect of medicine which has been administered
barat: the wind from the west; bolt; a needle-like wooden or metal peg which is an accessory to a small idol in human shape possessing movable joints and having many holes; if the barat is inserted into a chosen spot on the idol; after an incantation mumbled by the mambabarat the victim is supposed to suffer at the spot pierced by the peg; mambabarat a sorcerer who uses a barat

hinaw: a charm created by the balyan capable of identifying a thief; maghinaw to divine by using such a charm; maghinaw/hinawon to suspect of thievery by such divination
huklob: root (used by witch doctors in their ceremonies); maghuklob / huklobon to enchant, bewitch; hukloban witch doctor

kabal: an amulet which has the power of making its possessor invulnerable to the bolo and the spear, rendering these weapons dull, or suspending them in air upon attack; generally a circular piece of copper with a hole in the center, or a bit of shell roughly carved into the shape of anito noted for particularly admired exploits

laaw: root used as a charm which if brought into contact with an enemy can cause sickness or inflammation maglaaw /laawan to charm or bewitch with this root

lumay: love potion, maglumay / lumayon to give someone a love potion so that he or she will fall in love with you; makalumay/malumay to be affected by a love potion
mutya: pearl, jewel, gem, precious stone, anything someone holds dear, something beloved

himara/maghimara: to predict the future by observing external movements, such as that of a wheel moving slowly, or a dager hanging by a rope like a depndulum fast, etc.



hula: prediction; maghula / hulaan to augur, forecast, foresee, foretell, predict

pamaghat: a medicinal mixture of tree roots and alcohol, given to nursing mothers

pato: a root or charm which causes someone to who steals from you to fall ill or die

tagalpo: a herb carried by hunters and used to charm wild game so that they will not flee; a magic formula which, if thought of mentally, can turn a hostile attitude into cordiality, or an enemy into a friend; a type of hypnotism

tagohalim/tagohalin/taguhalin: Someone who makes charms/spells through shapeshifting or saying words; a root that was used in spells to aid in flying or shapeshifting into animals (cats or dogs); a plant from which an extract is derived enabling a man to fly, or to change himself into a dog or cat or other animal
tagohopa/tagahupa/tagolmay/tagulmay: A species of grass from whose roots may be prepared a brew capable of depriving a man of his will-power.

tagulipod: a plant possessing roots which, when eaten, may render a man invisible at will

tambal: antidote, snake medicine, tambalan: one proficient in such treatment

tauac/tawak: A charm which can be protect someone from a poisonous insect or snake bite; the charm is affected by pricking the person with something serving as an antivenom

Collection of Stories and Different versions of same stories orally passed down in Ibalong and contemporary Bicol

IBALONG

In the ancient land of Ibalong, where the whispers of epic tales echoed through the lush and fertile landscapes, the Ibálong saga unfolded, handed down through generations by the Kadunung, the epic chanters of the Bikol region in the Philippines.Long ago, Ibalong emerged from the sea, its shores graced by ships carrying people led by Baltog, a leader believed to be a descendant of the gods. Clad in gold ornaments, Baltog's skin was pale, hinting at a lineage linked to the mysterious "tawong lipod" or wind people. These pioneers, settling in Tundol, faced a land teeming with both richness and peril, its soil abundant but infested with mythical creatures.

Devout worshipers of moon gods, the settlers transformed Ibalong into a thriving colony, cultivating crops and building their homes. Yet, the land's mythical denizens, including the intelligent and marauding Tandayang sa Opon, posed a constant threat to their prosperity. In a furious clash, Baltog, armed with unparalleled strength, single-handedly vanquished the formidable boar, adorning his house with its colossal jawbones.

Celebrations ensued, attracting tribes like Panikwason and Asog, who marveled at the jawbones. However, more challenges awaited Ibalong, as the arrival of Handyong marked a new chapter in the epic.Handyong and his valiant warriors, armed with bolos and unwavering determination, sought to cleanse Ibalong of mythical creatures. The battles were fierce, spanning ten months of relentless combat against monsters like the one-eyed, three-necked behemoth and the giant flying fishes, Tiburon. Undeterred, Handyong and his warriors triumphed over each adversary, enslaving even the fierce Tamaraw.As the mythical creatures of Ibalong fought back, Sarimao, giant beasts, and Buaya, humanoid crocodile creatures, faced the wrath of the moon-blessed warriors. The rivers and swamps of Ibalong ran red with the blood of these mythical beings, witnessing the purging of their ancient presence.The godly intervention of Asuang signaled the end of the monsters' reign, with the moon god Gugurang favoring mankind. Oryol, a demigoddess, emerged as a formidable adversary, using her serpentine charm and the aid of mermaids to thwart Handyong's men. However, love blossomed amidst the chaos as Handyong and Oryol engaged in a fierce but respectful battle, leading to a surprising alliance. United, they revealed the secrets of gods and beasts, bringing prosperity to Bicol.Yet, the gods' involvement did not cease, and the tragic love story of Onos, Takay, and Kamaway unfolded, causing divine upheaval. Onos, the storm god, wreaked havoc, sinking Mount Asog and creating Lake Buhi. However, the compassionate moon gods, Bulan and Haliya, transformed the remains of Takay into vibrant flowers, a symbol of love and redemption.The tale took a darker turn as Onos, spurned by mortal love, unleashed Rabot, a half-human, half-monster abomination. Bantong, a hero and friend of Handyong, confronted Rabot, exploiting its weakness and vanquishing the creature. Strangely, Handyong mourned the beast's demise, sensing the end of an era where men's actions mirrored monsters.The Ibálong, passed down by the Kadunung, painted a vivid tapestry of Ibalong's mythical past, blending the heroic and the tragic, the divine and the mortal, in a symphony of folklore that resonated through the ages.

TATLONG BULOD

In the mystic realm of Ibalon, where gods and mortals coexisted, a tale unfolded beneath the moonlit skies, blending the haunting echoes of tragedy with the intoxicating allure of love. Ruled by Datu Makusog and his ethereal wife Diwani, their daughters, Malinao, Masaraga, and the youngest beauty, Magayon, were destined to become the loveliest maidens in the land.Masaraga, with her brown beauty and unwavering determination, sought the secrets of the gods to elevate Ibalon's prosperity. Malinao, veiled in mystery and carried in a palanquin, held a connection to lunar deities, bestowing bounty upon the sea. Magayon, adorned with golden-copper skin and copper hair, possessed a proud spirit, finding solace in the company of birds that sang to her.The enchanting melody of Magayon's avian companions formed a symphony around her.The trio, chosen for the sacred dance of ''atang,'' embarked on a destiny that intertwined divine favor and ominous omens. Masaraga's fervor to unlock the gods' secrets, however, angered Oryol, daughter of the malevolent deity Asuang. Oryol's haunting voice summoned the Banog, a monstrous being, leading to Masaraga's tragic fall from the sky.Oryol, consumed by jealousy, devised a plot against Malinao, transforming into Masaraga to lure her sister into the clutches of malevolent mermaids. The sea swallowed Malinao, extinguishing the light that radiated from her connection to the moon god.

Now, Oryol turned her attention to Magayon, a radiant but prideful beauty. Despite noble suitors, including Datu Pagtuga with his treasures from the deep sea, Magayon remained aloof. Gino Panganoron, a noble with the blood of wind people, ventured from afar, captivated by Magayon's allure. As their hearts entwined, Oryol plotted a tragic destiny at the river called Yawa.The slippery stones, orchestrated by Oryol's enchanting melody, beckoned Magayon towards the treacherous waters. Yet, it was the patient and noble Ulap, known as Gino Panganoron, who emerged as her savior, rescuing her from the clutches of drowning fate.

Ulap's act of heroism kindled a flame of love, leading Magayon to accept his marriage proposal. Their impending union, however, stirred Oryol's wrath. Infusing wicked thoughts into Datu Pagtuga's mind, Oryol orchestrated his abduction, leading to a dire ultimatum for Magayon – marry or witness her father's demise.

On the day of their ill-fated wedding, Ulap and his men descended upon Pagtuga and his warriors, transforming festivities into a battleground. Amidst the chaos, Ulap triumphed over Pagtuga, only to face a heart-wrenching tragedy. An arrow, launched in treachery, struck Magayon, piercing the air with sorrow.

As Magayon fell, Ulap's guard dropped, allowing Linog, Pagtuga's loyal warrior, to seize the moment. A spear plunged into Ulap, sealing their destinies together in death. Datu Makusog, in grief, avenged Ulap's death, his bolo striking down Linog.

Witnessing the sorrow that befell the three sisters, the gods left their mark on the land. Mount Masaraga, where the first tragedy occurred, and Mount Malinao, where the sea claimed a maiden, emerged as eternal memorials. Yet, it was at the burial site of Magayon and Panganoron that Mount Magayon, now known as Mount Mayon, stood as a testament to love transcending mortality.

And as clouds enshrouded the summit of Mount Mayon, the people believed it to be Ulap's eternal kiss, a poignant reminder of a love story entwined with the darkness and passion that defined the enchanting saga of Tulong Bulod.

HANDIONG AND ORYOL

In a time long past, amid the enchanting landscapes of the Bicol Region, the kingdom of Ibalon flourished, its beauty echoing through the tales of its wise and gallant ruler, Handyong. Nature itself seemed to sing praises of him, from the chirping Mayas to the croaking king-frog, Maribok. The mother Kalaw, Tuktok, and even the bald rooster, Poringot, all held homage to Handyong's virtues.

Despite the adoration, a shadow lingered over Handyong's heart. Deep within the mystical forest, monsters roamed freely, led by the elusive and cunning serpent, Oryol. Oryol, once a maiden of unparalleled beauty, had been ensnared in the treacherous clutches of an evil witch, Hilang, and transformed into a serpent by day and a woman by night. The only hope for Oryol's release lay in the destruction of an enchanted pitogo seed, a vow sealed in pitogo's demise.

Haunted by the recurring attacks on his kingdom, Handyong decided to confront the monsters once and for all. Deep into the forest, he ventured, determined to rid Ibalon of its nocturnal terrors.

Meanwhile, in the heart of the forest, the monsters convened to blame each other for their previous defeat. Amidst the bickering, Oryol, the wily serpent, smiled and devised a cunning plan to destroy Handyong. As the monsters retreated to their lairs, Oryol felt an overwhelming loneliness, prompting her to reveal her human form once more.

Days passed, and as the moon waxed full, Oryol's restless spirit stirred. Bathed in the moonlight, she transformed into a captivating woman, her beauty radiant in the dimly lit forest. As she sang her enchanting song, even the night owls fell silent in awe.

Handyong, leading his followers, stealthily approached the clearing. Enchanted by Oryol's song, his men succumbed to a magical slumber. Only Handyong, resisting the enchantment, remained vigilant. Witnessing the transformation from serpent to woman, he recognized the duality within Oryol.

As Oryol approached, intending to strike, Handyong's quick reflexes captured her neck. In a surprising twist of fate, she transformed back into a beautiful woman. Torn between her vow to kill Handyong and the unexpected surge of love, Oryol found herself at the mercy of her emotions.

With a gentle touch, Handyong laid her on a bed of leaves, his heart recognizing the humanity within her. Love blossomed unexpectedly as he bent down to kiss Oryol. In this tender moment, the enchanted pitogo seed fell from her hand, accidentally crushed beneath Handyong's foot, breaking the spell.

The monsters, now weakened, stirred from their slumber, launching an attack on Handyong and his followers. The forest echoed with the clash of bare-handed men against monstrous foes. The destruction of the pitogo seed crippled the monsters, leaving Oryol in a dilemma.

Torn between her loyalty to the monsters and her newfound connection to humanity, Oryol revealed the monsters' vulnerability. The battle raged on, and Handyong's men, armed with this knowledge, strategically aimed at the monsters' hearts.

In the aftermath, Handyong approached Oryol, who stood conflicted. Realizing the monsters were never truly her friends, she wept for the loss of her home and companions. In a gesture of compassion, Handyong offered her a chance at a new life.

As they embarked on a journey back to Ibalon, the animals of the forest, from Maribok to Poringot, joined in colorful celebration. The creatures that once feared Oryol now recognized the transformation within her, as love and redemption unfolded in the heart of the enchanted kingdom.

ALAMAT NG TAKAY

LEGEND OF THE TAKAY FLOWERS

In the ethereal realm of divine affairs, the legend unfolds like a romantic tragedy, a celestial ballet choreographed by the gods. Onos, the Sky God of Storms, cast his celestial gaze upon a child named Takay, watching her blossom into a maiden of unparalleled beauty. The tale, whispered in hallowed tones, tells of a love destined for heartbreak.Bulan, the benevolent god of the moon, forewarned Onos about the perilous dance between a deity and a mortal. A cosmic warning echoed through the heavens, cautioning that such love would inevitably birth pain and suffering. Yet, ensnared in the enchanting allure of Takay, Onos defiantly spurned the celestial counsel, allowing his heart to be captivated by mortal beauty.Onos descended from his celestial abode, the heavens quivering with anticipation. With the radiance of moonbeams bathing her, Takay stood before him, a vision of earthly loveliness. Onos, intoxicated by love, declared his affections to the fair maiden, only to be met with the heart-wrenching revelation that Takay's heart was already entwined with another—Kanaway.

Fueled by jealous fury, Onos soared in pursuit of Kanaway, determined to erase the rival who held Takay's heart. Lightning arced through the skies as Onos hurled bolts of divine wrath, turning Kanaway into an eternal monument of stone. In a vengeful frenzy, Onos unleashed his celestial might upon Mt. Asog, causing it to crumble and sink into the depths, birthing the tranquil expanse known as Lake Buhi.Undeterred by the cosmic consequences, Onos, wrapped in storm clouds and raging tempests, unleashed torrents of floodwaters upon the once-thriving colonies and minor kingdoms of Ibalong. Bulan, witnessing the devastation, dispatched his wind people in a desperate attempt to stem the celestial onslaught, but Onos's power proved insurmountable.As the celestial gods descended, their arrival marked too late to spare Ibalong from the cataclysmic fallout of divine fury. The colonies lay in ruins, the remnants of a once-bustling realm now silenced by the echoes of a celestial storm.

In the mournful night that followed, Bulan descended with a heavy heart, discovering the lifeless form of Takay tenderly cradled by water plants. Moved by compassion, Bulan, with tears that shimmered like moonlight, transformed Takay into a delicate flower, the Tacay, now adorning the landscapes of Bicol in perpetual bloom. A symbol of undying love and a testament to the tragedy that unfolded, the water hyacinth stands as a floral legacy, weaving the tale of a celestial romance that defied the very fabric of divine order.

DARAGANG MAGAYON

In the quaint town of Daraga, nestled within the Albay province of the captivating Bicol Region, a majestic beauty stood in all its glory — Mayon Volcano, the most enchanting volcano in the Philippines. The awe-inspiring landscape of Mayon became the canvas upon which the locals painted the mesmerizing legend of "Daragang Magayon" or "Dalagang Maganda" (beautiful maiden) in Tagalog.At the heart of this captivating tale was a princess, the epitome of beauty and grace, known as Daragang Magayon. Adorned with a radiant countenance, she was often surrounded by a symphony of small birds, their melodies echoing the harmonious spirit within her. Also recognized as Mayon or Daragang Magayon, she was the youngest among her sisters, Masaraga and Malinao. Blessed with a golden-copper complexion and hair of the same hue, she radiated an ethereal charm that captivated the hearts of men far and wide.

Daragang Magayon, the cherished daughter of the benevolent and wise Datu Makusog (King Makusog), was not merely a vision of physical beauty but also possessed a character as captivating as her appearance. However, her pride and occasional moodiness added a layer of complexity to her character, making her more than just a conventional princess.A peculiar habit of Daragang Magayon was her clandestine ritual of bathing in the Yawa River every morning at the break of dawn. This serene moment, shielded from the prying eyes of the world, was a sacred act she performed with an innate sense of privacy.It was during one such dawn that fate intertwined the lives of Daragang Magayon and a traveler from the distant kingdom of Laguna. A young and enchanting lad named Ulap (cloud) accidentally stumbled upon her secret, and the moment he laid eyes on the beautiful maiden, he was entranced by her unparalleled beauty.Ulap, driven by destiny, decided to reveal himself to Daragang Magayon. As their hearts connected, their love blossomed, and their union was blessed by the benevolent King Makusog. Ulap, seeking to formalize their commitment, sought permission to journey back to Laguna and gather his relatives for the pamamanhikan, the prenuptial gathering.News of the impending union spread like wildfire, reaching neighboring kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Iraya, ruled by the envious Patuga. Consumed by rage and resurrected pain from Daragang Magayon's past rejection, Patuga cunningly devised a plan to disrupt the impending nuptials.

He manipulated his people into believing that Daragang Magayon's marriage to a foreign man was an affront to their masculinity. Fanning the flames of discontent, Patuga persuaded his subjects to launch an attack against the Kingdom of Rawin, with the intention of capturing King Makusog and demanding Daragang Magayon as ransom.Amidst the joyful preparations in Rawis for the arrival of Ulap's relatives, Patuga seized the opportunity and orchestrated a surprise attack. The unsuspecting people of Rawis fell victim to the sudden assault, with King Makusog effortlessly captured.In a noble act of sacrifice, Daragang Magayon offered herself as ransom for her father's freedom, despite the internal struggle this decision caused her. As the enemies closed in, Ulap and his clan from Laguna arrived just in time to join the battle against the treacherous invaders.

Under the scorching sun and amid swirling dust, the clash of swords and bolos echoed through the air. Daragang Magayon's heart pounded with suspense as the battle unfolded. Amidst the chaos, a lifeless body fell to the ground, momentarily sending shockwaves through the maiden's heart. To her relief, the fallen figure was not Ulap but Patuga.Turning around, Daragang Magayon saw Ulap with open arms, ready to embrace her. With unbridled joy, she rushed into the waiting arms of her lover. However, in a tragic twist of fate, a deadly arrow, launched by one of the enemies, pierced their entwined bodies. The sky was shrouded in gloom as the two lovers slowly descended to the ground.

The entire Kingdom of Rawis mourned the loss of their cherished couple. King Makusog, recognizing the undying love between Daragang Magayon and Ulap, decreed that the two should be buried together. Death, he proclaimed, should not separate what true love had united.As the saying goes, true love is difficult to bury. Like a relentless current, it persists, struggling to resurface. The legend insists that Daragang Magayon's love was so potent that her grave transformed into the towering majesty of a volcano, a poignant emblem of her enduring love. Lava erupted from this sacred monument, symbolizing the overflowing passion of her affection. This majestic volcano, emerging from the resting place of Daragang Magayon, became known as the Mayon Volcano, forever immortalizing the tale of a love that defied even death. Daragang Magayon, they say, lives on as the Mayon.

Ibalong

The Ibálong, also known as Handiong, or Handyong folk epic of Bikol (region of Philippines). It is a narrated and orally passed down by male epic chanters called Kadunung

Long ago there was a land called Ibalong (literally means ''the other side''), From the sea came ships bearing people, their leader was said to be a descendant of the gods. Muscular and skin so pale, but some say he was tanned from the sun  (clad in gold ornaments, but many believe he came from the line of "tawong lipod (wind people) for he is fast and strong.)
The people that came from the sea, led by Baltog (He and his people came to Albay by the way of Makabalo river. and settled in Tundol.
These people say that the soil was rich and lush but also infested by beasts and strange creatures.)

These people prayed to their sun and moon gods
They decided to make the land their new colony
built their houses, cultivated and planted their crops.

The beast and creatures of the land were forced to move away from the lands they have once lived and roamed. The biggest of the beast was the Tandayang sa opon, a gigantic wild boar that was seemingly intelligent for the beast would attack the field during the night where none is guarding it.   Baltog a linsa patch in Tondol (now in Kamalig) which, one night the Tandayang sa Opon destroyed.

Baltog furious of what happened to the crops chased the Tandayag, killed it with his bare hands, and hung its enormous jawbones on a talisay tree(tropical lead wood tree *Terminalia catappa) in front of his house in Tondol

Upon learning of the victory of their Chief Baltog, the people prepared a feast and celebrated. The very big jawbones of the dead boar became an attraction for everyone. Thus, came the tribes of Panikwason and Asog(sect of male shamans and witch doctors) to marvel at it

And again from some land far from Ibalong men came. Lead by a man tall and muscular and armed with a "bolo". (a large single-edged knife)

Handyong. Together with his men upon arriving to the land they wanted to purge, to kill and slaughter all the non-human creatures, so they could live in this new land.

 First fought the one-eyed monster with three necks in the land of Ponong. For ten months, they fought without rest. And they never stopped fighting until all these monsters were killed.

The warriors vanquished the giant next
They went to the lair of the giant flying fishes called Tiburon which had slimy, scaly, and hardy flesh and saw-like teeth that could crush rocks. Handiong and his men did not stop until they vanquished every Tiburon

After killing all the flying fishes they seek to enslave the Tamaraw.
They forcefully tamed the fierce tamaraw.

The creatures of Ibalon was now endangered and wanted to fight back.
The large Sarimao and his kind went  to fight the warriors
 But the warriors blessed by the moon god, and strong were skilled and killed all the sarimao and drove away the giant Sarimaw (they drove it to mount Kulasi)

They used their spears and arrows to kill all the Buaya some which were mosnters that could both fight in land and water, Some Buaya were humanlike but with crocodile features some are crocodiles which were bigger than boats. the slaughter of these creatures was witnessed by the monkeys frightened and hid to the forest.

They purge the lands of all its mythic creatures they the rivers and swamps of Ibalon turn red with blood. Asuang the lord of all monster told his eldest daughter that the time of the monsters had ended and that the age of man has come. He wanted to intervene but Gugurang favored men more, Asuang also reminds Gugurang that after man vanquishes them monsters, man will then attempt to conquer even heaven

Oryol, a beautiful demigoddess decided to stop the foreign warriors. Hadiog and his men learned of a serpentine beast named Oryol, Handiog and his men set traps for Oryol but she is intelligent and does not fall into their traps.

Oryol is beautiful but half of her body is that of a huge serpent. With the help of the magindara (vicious mermaids) and other Naga (eel mermaids)  She used her voice and did so the mermaids to lure the warrior, she and the mermaids were able to slay most of Handiog's men. Handiog angered seek revenged and sealed the mermaids inside a huge cave (in Mount Hantik)

Handiog searched alone for Oryol. While looking for the monster Oryol, he heard singing and was captivated by it, only to find out it was Oryol. The two battled, they gained respect for one another for they were both strong and able combatant. The two fell in love.
Oryol thought Handiog the secrets of governing the lands.

art by Godfrey Escota

Oryol could have killed him but she fell in love with her and help Handiong clean the land of monsters. He with the help of the demi-goddess Oryol revealing the secrets of the gods and beast made Bicol flourished. with Oryol's help Handyong defeated the giant crocodiles in combat, Handyong and Oryol who killed many the Buwaya, which lead tinged the Bicol River red with blood. The survivors were banished, along with Sarimao, and were seal away inside Mount Kulasi.

Years have passed and Ibalong was rich and bountiful. Handiong built colonies in Isarog and a season of progress followed. Under Handiong‘s leadership, the people planted rice which they named after him. He built the first boat to ride the waves of Ibalon seas. Because of his good example, inventors came forth from his people. Ginantong made the plow, harrow, and other farming tools. Hablom invented the first loom for weaving abaca clothes. Dinahon, an Aeta, created the stove, cooking pot, earthen jar, and other kitchen utensils. The brilliant Sural thought of the alphabet and started to write on white rock.  Ibalon was rich and gold was abundant and even slaves were respected under the laws of Handiong.

Having freed the land from wild beasts, he devoted himself to a settled life. He exhorted his people to plant linsa and rice. He built the first boats ever to sail the Bikol river; its rudder and sail were contributions of Guimantong, one of his men, who also invented the plow, harrow and roll, including the ganta and other measures, the yoke, bolo and hoe.
Hablon invented a weaving loom and bobbins. The native of Dinahon worked on the jar, claypot, stove, earthen bowl and other household utensils. Sural carved a Bikol syllabary out of a stone from Libong, and polished to shine by Gapon.
Handiong and his men built towns. The houses of varying sizes hung from the branches of the banasi and the kamagong trees. The reason was that it was only up in the moog, as the houses were called, that one could escape the heat, swarming insects and wild animals.


Laws were set to ensure the protection of life and honor, and accord equality to all without distinction. With this, respect for rights of heritage and succession were guaranteed, and slave and master kept to his own place. 

All is well until the gods intervened. The god of storms Onos, muscular with tattoos decorating his face and body, kept close watch over a child named Takay, Takay grew up into a beautiful young maiden. Onos fell in love with the fair Takay. The god of the moon warns the god of the storms that gods cannot fall for mortals. Onos came down and confessed his love for the fair Takay, but Takay's heart already belonged another, a young man named Kamaway. Angered by this Onos flew in search of Kanaway. He struck Kanaway with lightning believing by killing him Takay would love him. He shot Kanaway with his lightning but Kanaway only turned to stone, he god angry and attacked mt. Asog with numerous lighting bolts (thus making it sink and turn into now Lake Buhi) The god of storms called fort winds and rain.  Three volcanoes—Hamtik, Kulasi and Isarog—erupted simultaneously, and caused a strip of land, now known as Pasacao, to rise from the sea.

Onos had brought deluge and flood waters. From the heavens the moon gods Bulan and Haliya saw the whole thing, pitied the star-crossed lovers. They descended down to bathe in the waters of Lake Buhi. The plans water plants were attending to the remains of Takay, the moon gods Bulan and Haliya transformed Takay into beautiful flowers and gave them to the water plants.

Spurned by the mortal she loves Onos had destroyed Ibalong.
A great beast appeared in the land of Ibalong. Half human half monster, it was Rabot
His voice loud and booming. He is strong and fierce and could make men turn to stone.
The hero Bantong (who was Handiog's friend) set out to kill this new threat to the lands of Ibalong. He took with him a thousand men. The monster was strong. So Bantog had to use his head, he observed the monster and found out that it liked to sleep. So he waited for his chance, when the monster slept he stabbed it. With a single stab, Bantong killed the beast and  brought peace back to the land of Ibalong''

When Bantong killed the fierce half-man and beast, Rabot. Curiously, Handyong was saddened by Rabot's death. it signals the passing of an era, when men proved to be more vicious than any monsters with free will and the skill of the hunt, when magic and ceremonial incantations infused life and explained his questions about life and nature and the supernatural. Some also speculate it was a foreboding of the coming subjugation of the Spaniards.

REMINDER

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding, not for appropriation, commercial exploitation, or the promotion of foreigners and foreign products. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos,and retold by Filipinos.

Bicolano Origin Myth

Ang alamat ng Pinagmulan ayon sa mga Bikolano

Noong unang panahon, wala kundi ang kawalan, pagkatapos ay lumitaw ang malaking karagatan kasama ng walang hanggang kalangitan. Makikita ang mga hayop at halimaw sa malawakang lawak ng tubig at kalangitan sa itaas nito. Ang kaharian ng kalangitan ay nasa ilalim ng pamamahala ng dakilang diyos na si Languit, habang ang tubig ay nasa ilalim ng panginoon na si Tubigan.

May isang anak si Languit na tinatawag na Dagat, ang karagatan, na naging asawa ni Paros, ang hangin, na anak ni Tubigan. Apat na anak ang isinilang ni Dagat at Paros, tatlong lalaki na tinatawag na Daga, Aldao, at Bulan, at isang babae na tinatawag na Bitoon.

Si Daga, isang malakas na lalaki, ay may katawan ng bato; si Aldao, isang masayahing kasama, ay may katawan ng ginto; si Bulan, isang tao na gawa sa tanso, ay masunurin; habang ang magandang si Bitoon ay gawa sa purong pilak.

Matapos mamatay ang kanilang ama na si Paros, si Daga, bilang panganay, ang pumalit sa lalang sa hangin. Agad pagkatapos, namatay si Dagat, iniwan ang kanyang mga anak sa pangangalaga ng mga lolo at lola na sina Languit at Tubigan.

Matapos ang pagsusunod sa hangin, naging arogante at ambisyoso si Daga, na nagnanais ng mas maraming kapangyarihan, kaya't iniudyok niya ang kanyang mga nakababatang kapatid na atakihin ang kaharian ni Languit. Una, tinanggihan nila ito; sa galit ni Daga, napilitan sina Bulan at Aldao na sumama sa kanya sa kanyang plano.

Ginawa ang mga paghahanda sa pagsalakay at nang ang lahat ay handa na, nagsimula silang maglakbay sa kanilang ekspedisyon at nagsimulang atakihin ang mga pintuan ng kalangitan. Dahil hindi nila magawang buksan ang mga pintuan, pinalabas ni Daga ang hangin sa lahat ng direksyon kaya't nasira ang pinto at nagtagumpay ang mga kapatid sa pagpasok. Ngunit sila'y sinalubong ng galit na Languit na nagpadala ng tatlong kidlat sa kanila. Lahat sila'y tinamaan ng kidlat. Ang tansong katawan ni Bulan ay natunaw at naging bilog; gayundin ang ginto katawan ni Aldao. Ang katawan ni Daga ay bumagsak sa karagatan at naging ang lupa.

Nang mabatid ni Bitoon ang pagkawala ng kanyang mga kapatid, lumabas siya upang hanapin ang mga ito. Subalit sa pagtatagpo kay galit na diyos na si Languit, tinamaan din si Bitoon ng kidlat na nagpunit sa kanyang katawan sa maraming bahagi.

Pagkatapos, bumaba si Languit mula sa kalangitan at tinawag si Tubigan at inakusahan siya ng pagtulong sa kanilang mga apo sa kanilang pagsalakay sa kanyang kaharian. Ngunit ipinagtanggol ni Tubigan ang sarili na wala siyang kaalaman tungkol sa pagsalakay dahil siya ay natutulog malalim sa ilalim ng dagat. Nagtagumpay si Tubigan sa pagsasantabi kay Languit at pareho silang nadarama ang panghihinayang at lungkot sa pagkawala ng kanilang mga apo. Dahil hindi sila makapagbuhay muli sa mga ito, binigyan nila ng liwanag ang bawat katawan.

Ipinlano ni Tubigan ang isang buto na lumaki bilang isang puno ng kawayan. Mula sa isa sa mga sanga nito ay nagmula ang isang lalaki at isang babae, na naging mga unang magulang ng sangkatauhan. Tatlong anak ang isinilang sa kanila. Ang isa ay tinatawag na Maisog na nag-imbento ng lambat sa isda. Isang araw, nahuli niya ang isang napakalaking at kakaibang hitsurang balyena na iniisip niyang isang diyos, kaya't iniutos niya sa kanyang mga tao na sambahin ito. Nagtipon ang mga tao at nagsimulang magdasal; ngunit sa sandaling nagsimula sila, lumitaw ang mga diyos mula sa kalangitan at iniutos kay Maisog na itapon ang balyena sa tubig at sambahin ang mga diyos lamang. Ngunit hindi natatakot si Maisog at nilabag ang mga diyos. Si Languit, hari ng kalangitan, ay bumato ng kidlat kay Maisog at itinumba siya. Pagkatapos, inihiwa ang mga tao sa iba't ibang bahagi ng mundo bilang parusa. Sa ganitong paraan, ang mundo ay nagkaruon ng tao.

Ang katawan ni Maisog ay naging itim dahil sa kidlat at ang lahat ng kanyang mga lahi ay itim din. Ngunit ang anak ni Maisog ay dinala sa hilaga at naging magulang ng mga puti. Ang iba pang mga anak ay dinala sa timog kung saan mainit ang araw at itinutuyong ang kanilang mga katawan kaya't lahat ng kanilang mga lahi ay kayumangi. Ang ibang tao ay dinala sa silangan kung saan kinakailangang kumain ng putik dahil sa kawalan ng pagkain. Dahil dito, ang kanilang mga lahi ay nagiging kulay dilaw.

Long ago there was nothing but the void, then the great sea appeared along with the endless skies appeared.

Beasts and monsters on the vast expanse of water and the sky above it could be seen. The kingdom of the sky was under the rule of the great god Languit, while the water was under the sovereignty of the god Tubigan.

Languit had a daughter called Dagat, the sea, who became the wife of Paros, the wind , who was the son of Tubigan.

Four children were born to Dagat and Paros, three of whom were boys called Daga, Aldao, and Bulan, and one girl called Bitoon.

Daga, a strong man, possessed a body of rock; Aldao, a jolly fellow, had a body of gold; Bulan, a copper-made man, was a submissive; while the beautiful Bitoon was made of pure silver.

After the death of their father Paros, Daga, being the eldest son, succeeded in control of the winds. Soon after, Dagat, the mother died, leaving her children under the care of the grandparents Languit and Tubigan.

After assuming control of the winds, Daga became arrogant and ambitious, desiring to gain more power, so he induced his younger brothers to attack the kingdom of Languit. At first they refused; at Daga's anger, Bulan and Aldao were constrained to join him in his plot.

Preparations were made and when everything was ready, they set out on their expedition and began to attack the gates of the sky. Failing to open the gates, Daga let loose the winds in all directions so that the gate was destroyed and the brothers succeeded in gaining entrance. But they were met by the enraged Languit who set out three bolts of lightning after them. All of them were struck by lightning. The copper body of Bulan melted into a ball; so also was the golden body of Aldao. Daga's body fell into the sea and became what is now the earth.

Their sister Bitoon, on discovering the absence of her brothers, went out to look for them. But upon meeting the enraged god Languit, Bitoon was also struck by another bolt of lightning which broke her body into many pieces.

Then Languit descended from the sky and called Tubigan and accused him of helping their grandsons in their attack on his kingdom. But Tubigan defended himself saying he had no knowledge about the attack for he was asleep far down into the sea. Tubigan succeeded in pacifying Languit and the two regretted and wept over the loss of their grandchildren. Since they could not revive them, they gave each body a light.

Tubigan then planted a seed which grew into a bamboo tree. From one of its branches came a man and a woman, who became the first parents of the human race. Three children were born to them. One called Maisog invented a fish trap. One day he caught such a very big and grotesque looking whale that he thought it was a god, so he ordered his people to worship it. The people gathered around and began to pray; but no sooner they had begun, when gods from the sky appeared and commanded Maisog to throw the whale to the water and worship no one but the gods. But Maisog was not afraid and defied the gods. Languit, the king of the sky, struck Maisog with lightning and stunned him. Then he scattered the people over the earth as a punishment. In this way the earth was peopled.

Maisog's body was blackened by the lightning and all his descendants are black. But Maisog's son was carried to the north and became the parent of the white people. His other children were brought to the south where the sun was hot and it scorched their bodies so that all their people were of brown color. The other people were carried to the east where they had to feed on clay due to scarcity of food. Because of this diet, their descendants were of yellow color."