SHOKOY

  

Deep Sea king looks like a Siyokoy from Philippine oral mythology and folklore

The Siyokoy is a Bantay Tubig and a distinctive and often feared creature in Filipino mythology. Generally portrayed as an aquatic humanoid, the siyokoy is described as having green, scaly skin, webbed limbs, sharp teeth, and sometimes fins or gills. Often paired or coined as the male counterpart to the sirena, the Filipino mermaid. However, unlike the beautiful, alluring sirena, the siyokoy has a grotesque appearance and a hostile disposition. Legends tell of the siyokoy's animosity toward humans, frequently involving it luring people into the water to drown them.

Syokoy and Sirena in Filipino comics

Origins and Etymology

The term siyokoy likely originates from the Hokkien Chinese phrase "shui gui," which refers to water spirits or ghosts of people who drowned, and who subsequently seek to drown others as an act of spiritual possession. This potential etymological link between the Filipino siyokoy and Hokkien folklore reflects centuries of cultural interchange, as Chinese communities interacted with indigenous Philippine polities since at least the 10th century. The blending of local mythologies with foreign elements is evident in many Filipino myths, with the siyokoy potentially standing as an example of such integration. Over time, this figure was further shaped by exposure to Western colonial myths, notably the European sirens and mermaids, through Spanish influence.

Siyokoy depicted on Philippine TV

Characteristics of the Siyokoy

The siyokoy is markedly more animalistic than its female counterpart, the sirena, or even the kataw—another merman-like creature of Filipino folklore that is portrayed as slightly more humanoid. Unlike the sirena, who has the upper body of a human and the lower half of a fish, the siyokoy is often depicted as more monstrous, with a full set of humanoid limbs but with scales and webbed fingers and toes that hint at its aquatic origin. Its green or dark, slimy skin adds to its menacing look, while the sharp teeth and bulging eyes emphasize its role as a dangerous predator. This portrayal reflects the general cultural association of the siyokoy with the hidden threats and perils of the deep waters.

One notable distinction between the siyokoy and Western merfolk is its capacity to move on land as well as underwater (has legs) Legends suggest that it can emerge from the water, owing to its human-like legs, but it primarily lurks in deep waters, hunting and waiting for unsuspecting prey to venture too close to its domain.

Comparison with Other Mythological Water Beings in the Philippines

The siyokoy stands among various water-related spirits and creatures in Filipino mythology. For example, the Visayan people historically described the kataw, an aquatic creature akin to the sirena, as more human-like, without the fish-body typical of Western mermaid imagery. In colonial accounts by Spanish missionaries like Alcina and Mentrida, kataw were noted to have webbed limbs but otherwise human-like forms. These depictions imply a diversity in local aquatic beings before and during the colonial period, where not all water beings followed the fish-tailed trope introduced by Western mythologies.

Okoy - Sireno - Berberoka - Sirena

In the Tagalog and Bicolano regions, pre-colonial beliefs also referred to aquatic spirits, such as litao, a sea or river engkanto  who dwelled beneath the water. Some folklorists, such as Isabelo de los Reyes, suggest that the concept of the sirena was introduced by the Spanish, merging with the idea of local water spirits, But different regions already had names for merfolk even before Spanish influence. In the Ilocano regions, local tales recount beings similar to the sirena, but with distinct physical features and abilities. These beings were said to sometimes lure children by creating whirlpools or mysterious bubbles around rivers and coastal waters.

The Evolution of the Siyokoy in Filipino Mythology

Over time, the siyokoy's image has blended aspects of indigenous myths and colonial influences. While its appearance has retained a distinctive look with animalistic traits, its malicious nature aligns with themes found in both local and imported legends about water spirits. This blending of foreign and native ideas resulted in a uniquely Filipino figure with traits resonant with local fears of deep water and its mysteries. As it stands, the siyokoy symbolizes not only the dangers that lie beneath the ocean surface but also the complex cultural exchange that has shaped Filipino folklore.

The siyokoy, though terrifying, serves as a cultural symbol, illustrating both the indigenous belief in spiritual realms and the adaptability of myth in the Philippines, influenced by Chinese, Hindu-Buddhist, and Spanish elements across centuries.

SHOKOY IN PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY AS TOLD AND RETOLD BY FILIPINOS IN THE PHILIPPINES

In contemporary Philippines, the Siyokoy remains a well-known male mythological creature, commonly paired with the female sirena even though there is also a male counterpart known as the sireno. The siyokoy stands out in Filipino mythology as one of the most vividly remembered aquatic beings, and stories about it are recounted across various regions in the Philippines. While the sirena is often seen as an enchanting yet dangerous figure, the siyokoy embodies a more menacing presence. It is depicted as a predatory creature, lurking in the depths and posing a genuine threat to humans who wander too close to the water.

The Siyokoy in Modern Filipino Oral Tradition

Across the archipelago, stories of the siyokoy are passed down through oral tradition, making it a widely recognized figure in Philippine mythology. The creature’s terrifying image, with its scaled body, sharp teeth, and webbed hands and feet, continues to captivate and frighten both children and adults. Although modern influences have introduced new entertainment and folklore sources, the siyokoy’s image endures, sustained by local stories, books on Philippine mythology, and popular media adaptations.

Unlike other mythological creatures that may be restricted to specific regions, tales of the siyokoy are told throughout the Philippines. This broad presence in oral mythology contributes to its status as a well-known figure in Filipino folklore, making the siyokoy a common symbol of the mysterious and dangerous aspects of the water. In local festivals, school events, and media representations, the siyokoy and sirena are frequently featured, reflecting how their stories remain an integral part of the cultural imagination.

Siyokoy Relationship with the Sirena and Sireno in Modern Mythology

Siyokoy and Sirena

Batang Syokoy at Sirena

Interestingly, while the sireno is known in some accounts as the male counterpart to the sirena, it is the siyokoy who is typically paired with the sirena in Philippine storytelling. This pairing emphasizes the contrast between the alluring beauty of the sirena and the animalistic, fearsome nature of the siyokoy, creating a balance of attraction and danger. The siyokoy is often seen as a guardian of the underwater realm or even as a territorial creature who does not welcome intruders. This protective, aggressive nature differentiates it from the sireno, which is often portrayed as a less terrifying and more alluring figure.

In modern adaptations, the siyokoy frequently appears as the villain in stories and television shows that explore Filipino myths, where it is often depicted trying to capture or drown intruders. This portrayal reinforces the cautionary role of the siyokoy in Filipino culture, representing both the unknown and the perils lurking in the natural world.

Art By Allycortes101

Siyokoy and Sireno are different mythological beings

In Filipino mythology, the Sireno and Siyokoy are distinct male aquatic creatures with unique features and roles. The Sireno resembles a traditional merman, with a good looking human upper body and fish tail, and is seen as a mystical, sometimes enchanting figure similar to the sirena. In contrast, the Siyokoy has a monstrous, amphibious appearance with human-like legs, webbed limbs, and scaly skin. Unlike the sireno, which may be neutral or benevolent, the siyokoy is typically aggressive and territorial, often depicted as a creature that lurks in water to attack or drown intruders.

This difference reflects in modern Filipino culture, where the sireno symbolizes the ocean’s allure, while the siyokoy represents its dangers. The two figures together capture the duality of the sea in Philippine mythology: both a source of enchantment and a realm of hidden perils.

Sireno in Philippine mythology as portrayed on Philippine TV

Sireno as depicted on Philippine TV

The Siyokoy as a Symbol in Philippine Culture

In contemporary Philippine culture, the siyokoy represents both the continuity of indigenous beliefs and the adaptation of local mythology over time. Its enduring popularity attests to its role as a powerful symbol of the ocean’s mysteries and dangers, woven into the daily lives and imaginations of people across the Philippines. Through the siyokoy, modern Filipinos remain connected to ancestral myths, while also adapting these tales to new forms of storytelling that keep the siyokoy alive in the national imagination.

Reminder

Avoiding Foreign Manipulation: Weaponizing myths and stories and using them as an excuse to attack, harass and even stalk storytellers or communities risks distorting their purpose. Myths are meant to unify, educate, or entertain, not to create division or hostility among Filipinos.

Filipino mythology belongs to everyone—Filipinos, Filipinix, and even foreigners. These stories are meant to unite, inspire hope, and empower. They are for all, ever-evolving yet forever a cultural treasure.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos, and retold by Filipinos.

The orally transmitted mythology of the Philippines is intended for sharing and understanding. It is a dynamic narrative tradition that evolves over time, distinct from the standardized mythologies found in Western and European cultures. Unlike these established mythologies, the Philippine government has not mandated standardized versions of stories and legends.

Orally transmitted stories undergo variations and evolve over time, resulting in numerous different versions. There are many different version told by Filipinos, and retold by Filipinos.

REMINDER

Mga kwentong Pilipino at pagkukwento ay para sa lahat...

Philippine Mythology is for everyone—Filipinos, Filipinxs, and even foreigners! These stories are meant to be shared, enjoyed, and passed down through generations. They’re not set in stone and can have many different versions You don’t have to be an expert to enjoy them. These stories evolve with time, and everyone is welcome to listen, share, and get lost in their world. Mythology connects us all, no matter where we come from!

Kaliwa and Kanan in Filipino oral mythology

 

In Philippine mythology, the terms Kaliwa and Kanan are often used as euphemisms to describe the moral alignment of mythical creatures and practitioners of magic. These terms categorize beings and magic users into two broad groups: Kaliwa, sometimes called Itim representing those associated with evil or harmful magic, and Kanan, sometimes called Puti referring to those who embody goodness and benevolence. This duality highlights the ongoing struggle between good and evil forces in Filipino folklore, a tradition still alive and vibrant today.

The Kaliwa: Evil Beings and Dark Magic Users

The term Kaliwa, in mythology meaning "left," is used to refer to malevolent beings and practitioners of dark magic. It encompasses a wide variety of fearsome creatures, spirits, and sorcerers whose powers are often employed to harm or deceive humans. Some of the most infamous beings in the Kaliwa group include:

1. Aswang:

Aswang

The Aswang is the most feared creature in Philippine folklore. It is a term used for various supernatural beings known for their malicious intent, shape-shifting abilities, and predatory nature. They often prey on the vulnerable, such as pregnant women and children. Variants of Aswang include:

• Manananggal: A winged creature that can sever its upper body to fly in search of human prey, particularly pregnant women.
• Tiktik: A bird-like creature that assists the Aswang in locating its victims by producing eerie sounds.
• Sigbin: A creature that resembles a cross between a dog and a goat, said to walk backward and feed on the blood of its victims.
• Gabunan
• Bangkilan
• Bonggo
• Wak-wak
• Ekek
• Bal-Bal
• Ebwa
• Abwak
• Asbo
• Awok
• Wak-wak
• Uwak-uwak
• Kiwig
• Mangalo
• Yawa
• Iwig
• Kiwig

Bangkilan

Gabunan

2. Dalaketnon:

Dalaketnon

Dalaketnon

The Dalaketnon are coined as evil Engkantos (enchanted beings) who inhabit large trees, especially balete or dalakit trees. They are often depicted as handsome beautiful yet dangerous creatures who use their charm to deceive and abduct humans, dragging them into their mystical world where time passes differently. Humans taken by Dalaketnon are often enslaved or never seen again.

3. Manbabarang:

A Manbabarang is a sorcerer who practices a form of dark magic involving the use of insects or other creatures to bring sickness and death to their enemies. They use malevolent spirits and hexes to possess or curse their victims, causing immense suffering.

4. Manlalason:

The Manlalason specializes in poison magic. They use toxic substances and enchantments to harm or kill others. Their methods involve slow-acting poisons that bring about sickness, suffering, and death.

5. Mangkukulam:

A Mangkukulam is a witch or sorcerer skilled in casting curses and hexes. They are feared for their ability to cause illness or misfortune through ritualistic practices, using wax dolls or incantations to harm their victims.

6. Mansisilat:

The Mansisilat is a master of deception and illusions. They use their magic to manipulate the minds of their targets, creating confusion, fear, and destruction. They are known to use their powers to tear apart relationships, families, and communities.

These beings and practitioners of dark magic often strike fear into the hearts of the people, with many stories serving as warnings to avoid disrespecting nature, disobeying elders, or wandering alone at night.

7. Tamawo:

Tamawo

The Tamawo are a race of  albino-like enchanted beings in Philippine mythology, often linked to the darker side of the supernatural. They are said to have fair or pale skin the Tamawo are often depicted as dangerous and deceptive, using their allure to lure humans, especially those who are greedy or disrespectful towards nature, into their domain. They are notorious for abducting humans, particularly women and children, taking them into their otherworldly homes, where time flows differently. In some stories, those who are taken by the Tamawo rarely return, and if they do, they are forever changed

8. Pangantohan (Dark Soothsayers):

The Pangantohan are a form of soothsayers or fortune tellers in Philippine mythology, but unlike benign seers, they are often associated with the Kaliwa, as they use their powers for selfish or harmful purposes. These practitioners have the ability to foresee the future, manipulate destiny, or divine hidden knowledge, but they are feared because their insights frequently lead to misfortune, curses, or other ill events.

Often sought by those who want to harm others or gain an unfair advantage, the Pangantohan are masters of dark omens, foretelling disaster or death and offering ways to cause or avoid such fates—for a price.

9. Engkantong Itim: 

Dark skinned, dark souled Engkanto who cause harm and misfortune sometimes called Ituman or Engkanto Negro 

Itim na Engkanto - Mga engkanto na nagpapakita bilang mga anino o mga itim na nilalang. Mga maligno na mapanakit at mapaminsala. Sila ay tinatawag na Engkanto Negro o mga itim na elemento. Nagpapkita sa mga tao at nanahan Ang mga engkantong itim sa malalaking bahay. Mapanakit at nakakatakot. Ang mga itim na Espiritu ay minsan sumasapi sa mga taong kanilang napupusuan. Ang mga tunay nilang katawan ay nasa Mundo ng mga engkanto tanging mga anino lamang nila ang nanahan sa mundo ng mga tao.

The Kanan: Benevolent Beings and Healers

In contrast, the Kanan, meaning "right," refers to benevolent creatures and practitioners of good magic. They embody the protective, healing, and nurturing aspects of Filipino mythology. These beings are often invoked for blessings, protection, and healing, standing as defenders of the people against the forces of darkness.

Diwata surrounded by Lambana

Diwata and Lambana

1. Diwata:

Diwata

Diwata

The Diwata are powerful nature spirits, god and goddesses. They are often likened to dryads or high fairies, governing forests, rivers, and mountains. Diwata can be both kind and wrathful, depending on how humans treat their domain. They protect the natural world and are known for their wisdom, beauty, and magical abilities. They often aid those who show respect for the environment and seek their blessings.

• Lambana: A smaller variant of the Diwata, the Lambana are small fairies that serve as protectors of nature. They are often seen flitting around flowers and trees, granting good fortune and blessings to those they favor.

Lambana

2. Mangagamot:

The Mangagamot is a traditional healer who uses a combination of herbs, prayers, and rituals to heal ailments. Their knowledge of medicinal plants and spiritual healing practices makes them invaluable members of their communities. Unlike their dark counterparts, the Mangagamot's powers are used for the well-being of others, curing illnesses and expelling evil spirits.

3. Albularyo:

The Albularyo is another form of folk healer who blends herbal medicine and magic. They are often the first people approached for healing ailments, spiritual cleansing, or protection from evil spirits. Albularyos are highly respected in Filipino communities for their ability to treat physical and supernatural afflictions.

4. Manunugis:

The Manunugis is a hunter of evil spirits and dark creatures. They specialize in tracking down Aswangs, malevolent Engkantos, and other Kaliwa beings. Using special incantations, blessed weapons, and protective talismans, the Manunugis protect their communities from harm by banishing or destroying the evil forces they encounter.

5. Mahomanay:

Mahomanay

The Mahomanay are nature spirits portrayed as good Engkanto known for their elf-like appearance and their deep connection to the natural world. These male spirits have pale skin and long black hair, and they are often seen wearing simple, flowing garments that blend seamlessly with the forests and natural environments they protect. Like the Diwata, the Mahomanay are guardians of nature, particularly concerned with the well-being of animals and the preservation of forests.

Mahomanay

The Mahomanay are believed to be kind-hearted and benevolent, often coming to the aid of animals in distress or protecting ecosystems from harm caused by humans. They are revered as keepers of balance in nature, and those who show respect for the environment might be blessed with their favor. However, those who destroy nature or harm animals may find themselves on the wrong side of the Mahomanay’s protective powers.

6. Tahamaling 

Tahamaling

The Tahamaling are female Engkanto known for their fierceness and striking  red complexion. Guardian of forest and its animals. The Tahamaling is the female counterpart of the gentle Mahomanay. But more aggressive in protecting her domain. Some stories suggest she grants people with good intentions a Mutya imbued with magical powers connected to animals. 

Tahamaling

7. Abyan 

Engkanto Abyan o Puting Engkanto

Puting Engkanto 

The  Albino-like Engkanto Abyan are often depicted as childlike and benevolent. Elderly Abyan seem like teenagers compared to humans in appearance but ancient when it comes to wisdom. They help good people and grant blessings, power to those who want to do good. Often they are Gabay or Engkanto allies of Manunugis and Antingero.

Engkantong Abyan

8. Babaylan (Spiritual Leaders and Healers):

The Babaylan are highly revered spiritual leaders, shamans, and healers in Philippine culture, aligned with the Kanan because of their profound connection to the divine and their role in maintaining the balance between the physical and spiritual worlds. These powerful women (and in rare cases, men) serve as intermediaries between humans and the spirits, performing vital roles such as healing, conducting rituals, and communicating with ancestral spirits, gods, and nature spirits.

The Babaylan have the ability to invoke the Diwata, call upon protective spirits, and channel the energies of nature to heal the sick, bless crops, and protect their communities from harm. They also play a crucial role in cleansing and purifying spaces, driving away malevolent spirits from the Kaliwa such as Aswangs and Tamawo, and maintaining the spiritual equilibrium of their people.

The Babaylan's rituals often involve prayers, dance, and sacrifices to appease the gods and ensure the welfare of their communities. Their wisdom, handed down through generations, reflects a deep understanding of nature, medicine, and the cosmos, further cementing their position as figures of light and good within the Kanan. Today, the legacy of the Babaylan continues to thrive, as they are recognized as custodians of traditional Filipino spirituality and protectors of cultural identity.

9. Antingero (Charm Makers and Keepers of Mystical Talismans):

The Antingero are individuals who create and wield anting-anting, or mystical amulets, believed to bring protection, strength, and good fortune. They align with the Kanan because they use their knowledge of charms and talismans for benevolent purposes, helping individuals defend themselves against the forces of the Kaliwa. Anting-anting are traditionally imbued with sacred powers, passed down through rituals, prayers, and chants, invoking blessings from the Diwata, Babaylan, or other protective spirits.

These amulets can be used to ward off evil entities such as the Aswang, Tamawo, and other malevolent forces. The Antingero also assist in giving protection during times of battle or danger, enhancing their wearers’ physical or spiritual abilities. Anting-anting can come in the form of medallions, written prayers, or even herbs and stones enchanted with powerful prayers and rituals.

The Antingero, through their work, preserves ancient knowledge of Filipino mysticism and spirituality. They act as defenders against the dark forces of the Kaliwa, ensuring their communities remain safe and spiritually fortified.

These Kanan creatures and practitioners work in harmony with nature, protecting humans from illness, misfortune, and malevolent spirits. Their roles as healers, protectors, and guides offer a vital counterbalance to the threats posed by the dark forces of the Kaliwa.

Kaliwa and Kanan in Modern Philippine Culture

Philippine mythology, despite centuries of colonization and the spread of Christianity, continues to thrive in modern times, especially in rural areas where traditional beliefs are still widely practiced. The Kaliwa and Kanan dichotomy remains a significant part of Filipino folklore, influencing how people view the moral spectrum of supernatural forces.

Even today, stories of Aswangs, Diwatas, Mangkukulams, and Albularyos persist, passed down through oral traditions, popular media, and even urban legends. Many Filipinos still consult Albularyos and Mangagamots for traditional healing, while others hold festivals and rituals to honor the Diwata and seek protection from the Kaliwa.

The Kaliwa and Kanan duality is a reflection of the Filipino understanding of balance—between good and evil, darkness and light. It speaks to a worldview where supernatural forces are ever-present, and the choices individuals make, whether in magic or morality, ripple through the natural and spiritual worlds.